<p>The Cole–Hasbrouck Farm Historic District is a historic home and farm and national historic district located along NY 32 north of the junction with US 44 and NY 55 at Modena, Ulster County, New York, USA. The district encompasses 21 contributing buildings, 4 contributing sites, and 5 contributing structures on a farm established in the 1820s. The main house was built about 1820, and is a two-story, five bay, brick and stone dwelling with a side gable roof. It has a two-story rear frame ell that subsumes and earlier 1 1/2-story kitchen ell. Other contributing resources are related to the house landscape and dependencies, the farm complex, and a hamlet that grew in the 1850s at the crossroads.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Grace Peak is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. It is part of the Dix Range, named after John A. Dix , New York Secretary of State in 1837, and later Governor. The mountain was formerly called East Dix, but in 2014 it was officially renamed Grace Peak in honor of Grace Hudowalski , who in 1937 became the ninth person and first woman to climb all 46 of the Adirondack High Peaks. Grace Peak is flanked to the northeast by Spotted Mountain, and to the southwest by South Dix.</p><br>
<p>The northwest side of Grace Peak drains into the headwaters of the South Fork of the Boquet River, thence into Lake Champlain, which drains into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The east side of Grace Peak drains into Lindsay Brook, thence into the Schroon River, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The south side of Grace Peak drains into West Mill Brook, thence into the Schroon River.</p><br>
<p>Grace Peak is within the Dix Mountain Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>South Dix is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Dix Range, named after John A. Dix (1798–1879), New York Secretary of State in 1837, and later Governor.</p><br>
<p>The name is being changed to Carson Peak, after Russell M.L. Carson (1884–1961), author of Peaks and People of the Adirondacks.</p><br>
<p>South Dix is flanked to the northeast by Grace Peak (formerly known as East Dix), to the northwest by Hough Peak, and to the southwest by Macomb Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The north side of South Dix drains into the headwaters of the South Fork of the Boquet River, thence into Lake Champlain, which drains into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The southeast side of South Dix drains into West Mill Brook, thence into the Schroon River, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The west side of South Dix drains into Lillian Brook, thence into the East Inlet of Elk Lake, and into The Branch of the Schroon River.</p><br>
<p>South Dix is within the Dix Mountain Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>Macomb Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is named after Maj.Gen. Alexander Macomb (1782–1841), who won acclaim during the War of 1812 at the Battle of Plattsburgh, and served as Commanding General of the United States Army (1828–1841).</p><br>
<p>Macomb Mountain is part of the Dix Range, and is the southernmost of the High Peaks of the Adirondack Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Macomb is flanked to the northeast by South Dix.</p><br>
<p>Macomb Mountain stands within the watershed of the Schroon River, which drains into the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The east and northeast sides of Macomb Mtn. drain into West Mill Brook, thence into the Schroon River.</p><br>
<p>The northwest sides of Macomb Mtn. drain into Lillian Brook, thence into the East Inlet of Elk Lake, source of The Branch of the Schroon River.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side of Macomb drains into Slide Brook, thence into the East Inlet of Elk Lake.</p><br>
<p>The southeast slopes of Macomb drain into Niagara Brook, thence into The Branch of the Schroon River.</p><br>
<p>Macomb Mountain is within the Dix Mountain Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Almond Aqueduct, also known as the Lin&#39;s Mill Aqueduct, is a navigable aqueduct that carries the Union Canal over the River Almond in Scotland, west of Ratho, Edinburgh.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The aqueduct was built to a design by Hugh Baird, with advice from Thomas Telford, in tandem with the Slateford Aqueduct and Avon Aqueduct, with which it shares its design. Baird had originally proposed to have only a single span, with embankments carrying the canal the rest of the way, but eventually decided to use the same design as the other two aqueducts.</p><br>
<p>Telford was not convinced that the stone arches were necessary in conjunction with the iron trough, but Baird used both on all three major aqueducts.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Barton Aqueduct of 1761, and subsequent canal aqueducts in the United Kingdom, used large quantities of masonry and puddling to obtain watertightness.</p><br>
<p>Measuring 420 ft long, it carries the Union Canal 76 ft above the River Almond, from Edinburgh into West Lothian. A sluice into the Almond allows regulation of the water level in the canal, and near to the aqueduct is a feeder from Cobbinshaw Reservoir. The aqueduct can be reached by car by way of a track and by walkers and cyclists on the Union Canal towpath.</p><br>
<p>Taebaeksan, also known as Mount Taebaeksan or Mount Taebaek, is a South Korean mountain peak of Taebaek Mountains. It stretches from the city of Taebaek in Yeongwol-gun County, Gangwon-do Province to Bonghwa-gun County, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, and it was designated South Korea&#39;s 22nd national park on 22 August 2016. It has an elevation of 1,566.7 m.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Manggyeongsa Temple in Hyeol-dong Taebaek, Yeongwol-gun County, Gangwon-do Province at an elevation of 1,460 meters on Taebaeksan, is a temple built to enshrine the statue of the Bodhisattva of wisdom. It was built by Jajang, a Silla Dynasty monk. The "Dragon Spring" at the entrance of the temple is known as the highest spring in South Korea.</p><br>
<p>The summit ridge of Taebaeksan is home to a multitude of both azalea bushes and ancient yew trees, making spring (for blossoms) and winter (for rime frost on the twisted trees) particularly good times to visit. The highest peaks are also home to Cheonjedan, a series of ancient Shamanist altars.</p><br>
<p>The main Danggol entrance plays host to an annual snow festival and a coal mining museum.</p><br>
<p>The Fatra-Tatra Area  or the Tatra-Fatra Belt of core mountains  is a part of the Inner Western Carpathians, a subprovince of the Western Carpathians. Most of the area lies in Slovakia with small parts reaching into Austria and Poland. The highest summit of the whole Carpathians, the Gerlachovský štít at 2,655 m, lies in the High Tatras range which belongs to this area.</p><br>
<p>The Fatra-Tatra Area is from the northern side bounded by Pieniny Klippen Belt. Mountains of the area are located in two ranges. The external range consists of Hainburg Hills, Malé Karpaty (Pezinok part), Považský Inovec, Strážovské vrchy, Malá Fatra, Tatras (Western, High and Belianske Tatry). Inner range consists of Tribeč, Žiar, Veľká Fatra, Chočské vrchy, Ďumbier part of Nízke Tatry and massif of Smrekovica in the Branisko. The southern boundary of Area is the Čertovica line, south of which is the Vepor Belt.</p><br>
<p>The Tatra-Fatra Belt consists of Tatric alpine crystalline basement and its autochthonous sedimentary cover, over which the Subtatric nappes (Fatric and Hronic) were thrust.</p><br>
<p>The name core mountains is derived from the structural element, resistant crystalline basement rocks, preserved in the core of horsts, often forming the highest peaks of the mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The basement of the core mountains is formed by the Tatric Unit, which is composed of dominantly hercynian metamorphic and igneous rocks and locally also a sedimentary cover of various thickness. In the Paleozoic clastic and volcanoclastic sediments deposited in the area, but later during Hercynian orogeny, sediments were metamorphosed in the greenschist and amphibolite facies (forming large amount of paragneisses and amphibolites, only locally orthogneisses, phyllites and mica schists). Regional and contact metamorphism was induced also by intrusions of granites, which accompanied the Hercynian collision (generally in the Carboniferous). Basement rocks were later exposed due to erosion and at the end of the Paleozoic affected by marine transgression that lasted till the end of Mesozoic. During this period sedimentary rocks, known as Tatric cover units, deposited. They generally consists of clastic and carbonate rocks.</p><br>
<p>In the Upper Cretaceous area of Tatric Unit, was affected by Eo-Alpine of Alpine Orogeny, that caused movement of large masses of rocks to the North and Northeast. To the South of the Tatric area a 2 superficial nappes, so called Subtatric Nappes, were detached and thrust over the Tatric. These nappes are generally composed of limestone, marl, dolostone and less by sandstones and slates. The lower nappes is called Krížna Nappe (or the Fatric) and the upper is Choč Nappe (or the Hronic). Krížňa Nappe is dominantly composed of rock, that were formed in the Zliechov basin. It was situated in the Fatric area between the Tatric and Veporic units. Fatric had the same basement as the Veporic unit and is considered as former northern part of Veporic, but later during the thrusting its substratum was consumed and subducted. Surface occurrences of Fatric basement remained only as a remnants in the northern part of Veporic Veľký Bok Unit and few other areas. Choč Nappe, was thrust from the southern area, but its roots were probably consumed entirely, so its paleogeographic position is not exactly known. Choč Nappe is considered as rootless nappe.</p><br>
<p>After the end of main Eo-Alpine orogenic movement, the area of Western Carpathians was still not so mountainous. In the Paleogene subsidence along the normal faults caused formation of grabens - intra-mountain Inner Carpathian Paleogene Basin and horsts present day mountain ranges. In the Neogene, further orogene movement in the external part of Carpathian arc caused formation of back-arc Pannonian Basin. Northern branches of Pannonian Basin were penetrating the Tatra-Fatra Area and formed inter-mountain basins. Simultaneously with the immersion of the horsts, ongoing and intense erosion is denuding the mountains and supplies the basin with clastic sediments. Among all of the rocks, the most erosion resistant were the crystalline schists and granites of the Tatric. Similar fold and thrust model of origin is known from the other areas of alpine system. In the English terminology, similar model is called Fault-block mountain, it is typical in the area of Basin and Range.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Episcopal Church, also known as St. Pauls Episcopal Chapel, is an historic Carpenter Gothic church located at 14755 Oak Avenue, in Magnolia Springs, Alabama. On September 25, 1988, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>(added 1988 - Building - #88001355)</p><br>
<p>N side Oak St., Magnolia Springs</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Unknown</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Late Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1900-1924</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Hato Caves are show caves, publicly accessible since 1991 and a popular tourist attraction on the Caribbean island of Curaçao. The caves consist of marine coral limestone, which accumulated over millions of years and after sea levels had dropped were exposed to atmospheric corrosion and karstic processes. They are approximately 240 m long and cover an area of 4,900 m&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is situated on the island&#39;s northern coast, north of the town of Willemstad on the Roosevelt Weg. The caves constitute layers and terraces. Several caves are to be found on the second terrace, the Hato Caves are exclusively located above on the third terrace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest known inhabitants of the caves about 1,500 years ago were the Amerindian Arawaks and Caiquetio Indians, who also buried their dead in the caves. The numerous petroglyphs and cave drawings are attributed to these early occupants. Before the abolition of slavery, runaway slaves used the caves as hiding places.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic red brick Gothic Revival church located at 210 Lauderdale Street in Selma, Dallas County, Alabama, United States. The parish was established in 1838 and its original sanctuary building was burned on April 2, 1865 during the Battle of Selma, with credit for that act going to Union General James H. Wilson. The current building was designed by the famous New York City architectural firm of Richard Upjohn and was completed in 1875.</p><br>
<p>The interior features several Tiffany stained glass windows designed by parishioner and Selma native, Clara Weaver Parrish, who was a noted artist who worked for Tiffany Studios in New York.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 25, 1975.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church is a parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama. The Rev. Jack Alvey is currently serving as the twenty second rector.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic church, built during the 1850s at Cahaba, the first capital of Alabama from 1820 to 1826. The unknown builder closely followed plans published by architect Richard Upjohn in his 1852 book Rural Architecture.</p><br>
<p>Exterior features of the Gothic Revival structure include lancet windows, pointed arch doorways and vertical board and batten sheathing. The building originally had a square bell tower on the corner to the left of the current main front entrance, but this was not rebuilt when the church was relocated in 1878 to Martin&#39;s Station. The church was disassembled and relocated to Cahaba in 2007, where it was reassembled at Old Cahawba Archaeological Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Lukes was built in 1854, during Cahabas antebellum boom years, on Vine Street near the intersection of Vine and 1st South Street. Following the post-war decline of Cahaba, the church was dismantled in 1878 and moved 11 mi to the village of Martin&#39;s Station, where it was reassembled and continued to serve an Episcopal congregation for several decades. It was later used by an African-American Baptist congregation for over 60 years before being acquired by the Alabama Historical Commission. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 25, 1982.</p><br>
<p>During the academic year 2006–2007, students from Auburn University&#39;s Rural Project carefully dismantled the church building so that it could be moved back to Cahaba and reassembled at Old Cahawba Archaeological Park. From 2007 to 2008 the students reassembled the building at Cahaba, near the corner of Beech Street and Capitol Street, across from the Old Cahawba Archaeological Park visitor center. This third new site was chosen due to the original location on Vine Street being located in a floodplain. Most of the exterior work had been completed by late 2009.</p><br>
<p>Elk Ridge is a mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Maryland. The ridge is located to the west of South Mountain and runs roughly parallel to it from Rohrersville, in the north, to the Potomac River across from Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, in the south. Across the Potomac the ridge continues as Blue Ridge Mountain in Virginia and West Virginia. The southern end of the ridge, which is part of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, is known as Maryland Heights.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, Elk Ridge was the site of numerous charcoal hearths, which produced charcoal for nearby iron furnaces from wood harvested on the mountain. More than 50 hearths were constructed between 1810 and 1840.</p><br>
<p>The Maryland Heights portion of Elk Ridge was the scene of much activity during the American Civil War. Artillery emplacements and fortifications were first erected on the mountain by Union forces in 1862, during Stonewall Jackson&#39;s Valley Campaign. Later that year, during the Battle of Harpers Ferry, the union fortifications on the mountain were attacked by units under General Lafayette McLaws, who subsequently took control of the ridge and used it to deliver devastating artillery fire against the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry. After the battle Confederate forces abandoned the ridge to rejoin the Army of Northern Virginia at Antietam and the Union army quickly reoccupied the heights.</p><br>
<p>Following the Battle of Antietam, Abraham Lincoln came to Maryland to review the army, including the garrisons on the mountain. He began the ascent, but because of the steepness of the slope, turned around halfway up, concluding any man who could make the climb would pass his muster. In June 1863 Union forces again took control of the ridge and enlarged the fortifications in response to the Confederate invasion of Maryland during the Gettysburg Campaign.</p><br>
<p>The "Pinnacle Lot" of the Maryland Heights was purchased by the Maryland Park System from the grandchildren of the last private owner, Judge Patrick Chapman Savin (1820-1889) of Harpers Ferry, MD; the lot was in turn gifted by the State of Maryland to the National Park Service in the 1950s. Judge Patrick and his brother, John Chapman Savin, and a future son-in-law, John Marion Marsteller (1841-1898) were among those who participated in the capture of John Brown and his men. It was during this time that the side of the cliff overlooking Harpers Ferry was leased for advertising seen by the passengers of trains as they entered and exited the tunnel under the Maryland Heights.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>A trail system, maintained by the National Park Service, ascends Maryland Heights and tours the Civil War-era fortifications and provides access to the cliffs on the mountain which contain views of Harpers Ferry and the Potomac Water Gap. An unmaintained trail leads along the ridge of Park Service land onto private property to Buggy Rocks and views east of Pleasant Valley. Mountain climbing is permitted by the National Park Service along the Maryland Heights cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Cheney Clow  was a loyalist from Delaware Colony during the American Revolution who staged a rebellion against the colonial government that was advocating separation from Great Britain.</p><br>
<h2>Early life</h2><br>
<p>Cheney Clow was born in 1734 in Delaware Colony, the third of nine children to Nathaniel Clow and his wife Susannah. They lived in Queen Annes County, Province of Maryland, owned their own farm, of unknown acres but was said to have been considerable. Land recorded in 1744, 50 acre was named "Clows Hope." In 1747 another 50 acre was recorded and it was called "Boons Hope". Boons Hope cost Nathaniel and Susannah 2,100 pounds of tobacco, which was a common practice in the early colonies, paying for items with tobacco off your own land.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Clow died in 1748, his estate papers and will are filed in the courthouse in Annapolis. He wanted his estate divided equally among his wife and children. The children were John (born 1732), Mary (born 1733), Cheney (born 1734), Susannah (born 1737), Rachael (born 1738), James (born 1740), Sarah (born 1742), Rebecca (born 1743) and Ann (born 1749).</p><br>
<p>Susannah Clow died before 1756. The exact date is unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Marriage and family</h2><br>
<p>Cheney Clow married Elizabeth (née ?) and settled in the same area as Nathanial and Susannah. They farmed and raised a family. They had two children that are known of, Joshua and Arrana.</p><br>
<h2>Cheney's Rebellion, capture and imprisonment</h2><br>
<p>At the outbreak of the American War of Independence, about a third of the colonists had no desire for independence from Britain but in Kent County, Delaware, where Cheney Clow was living, the Loyalist were greatly outnumbered. Cheney chose to support the King of Britain and was commissioned a British Officer at some point either earlier before the Revolution began or toward the beginning of Colonial Revolutionary activities. He now found himself a Tory. As the war progressed the Tories constantly created terror by raiding and plundering the colonist, supplies to the British, robbed the mails, plotted against the life of Washington, and generally became very disliked by their neighbors.</p><br>
<p>During the War, in 1778, the colony passed a law requiring all male citizens over the age of 21 to take an "Oath of Allegiance." A Tory would be pardoned if the Oath was given, if not he would suffer the confiscation of all his land and possessions. When it became time for Cheney&#39;s Oath he refused. He also refused to pay taxes to Delaware claiming he was living in Maryland. His farm was on both sides of the state line but the house sat in Delaware.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of April 18, 1778, the Sheriff of Kent County, Delaware, John Clayton, went out to arrest Cheney Clow. This attempt erupted into a gun battle and one of the Sheriffs men, named Moore, was killed. Cheney was charged with the murder of the posse member Moore. Moore had been shot in the back while facing and firing toward Cheney Clow when he was shot. It is thought that Moore was shot by a member of his own posse. When the battle was over, Cheneys wife, Susannah, who had been helping her husband load rifles, was wounded, and Cheney was arrested and taken to jail. This action 200 years later would be known as "Cheney Clow&#39;s Rebellion".</p><br>
<p>At this point, the local citizens wanted Cheneys head, they wanted blood, they wanted him charged, and executed for treason. For four years he sat in prison, and on December 12, 1782, Cheney Clow was brought to trial. He was tried for treason for his role in the Loyalist rebellion against Delaware. The jury found him not guilty of treason and he was acquitted, but authorities kept him in prison. It seemed that Cheney hadnt taken the oath and therefore could not be charged with treason. Keeping him in prison, they charged him with burglary and murder; later the burglary charge was dropped for lack of evidence, but he had to stand trial on the murder charge.</p><br>
<h2>Murder trial and execution</h2><br>
<p>At the trial, the testimony from the Sheriff was that Moore was shot in the back, and not from Cheneys gun, but probably was shot from one of the Sheriffs own men who was firing toward Cheney from a position behind Moore. The evidence that Clow actually killed the man was weak. However, this did not sway the jury. In May 1783, a jury convicted him of murder and the judge sentenced him to death. He was sentenced to be hanged by the neck until dead.</p><br>
<p>It now fell on Delawares governor Nicholas Van Dyke to set the time and place for the execution. The Governor wished he could pardon Clow but felt that he was unable to pardon him for political reasons and did nothing. He did, however, postpone the execution without ever appointing an actual date. He, in essence, postponed Cheneys execution indefinitely. Nothing happened for six years. A new governor, Thomas Collins, came into office in October 1786. More petitions for pardon were filed by the family but still to no avail. Cheney&#39;s wife and children finally gave up their long fight.</p><br>
<p>In 1788 a final letter from Cheney Clow, having been in close confinement for 10 years, the letter addressed to the new governor requested that a pardon be granted at once or that a warrant be issued without delay for his execution. The pardon was not granted, and Cheney Clow "went bravely to his death, singing a hymn as he walked to the gallows".</p><br>
<p>No specific date was recorded for the execution. Cheney had no will, and there is no record of the disposition of his estate. After they hanged Cheney, the family took his body and buried it in a secret place. Many think the grave was near the house but unmarked.</p><br>
<p>In January 1790 the eldest daughter, Arrana, petitioned the State of Delaware to settle the estate of Clow and to distribute such among his heirs. The petition was "ordered to lie on the table" and on the table it remained. Nothing regarding the disposition of Clow&#39;s possessions is known.</p><br>
<h2>The site description of Cheney's Rebellion</h2><br>
<p>The present and original appearance of the site of the Cheney Clow Rebellion was summarized in the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form:</p><br>
<h2>Significance of the rebellion</h2><br>
<p>The Statement of Significance of the Cheney Clough Rebellion site from the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form continues with:</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>After Cheney Clow was hung, most of his children stayed in the Northern Queen Annes County, Maryland and Kent County, Delaware area, raised families and lived their lives passing from generation to generation until the present day. One of Cheneys children, his Son, Joshua, left the Maryland and Delaware area, changed the spelling of the name to Clough and moved West to the Ohio Valley. Documents show a marriage certificate of Joshua Clough and Sarah Walker being married in Kent County, Delaware, on October 2, 1794, and they had a son, Edward, who was born in 1794 in Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Clow died in Harrison County, Ohio, where a large contingent of descendants still reside.</p><br>
<p>Most of the other lineal descendants of Cheney Clow have lived in and around the area where Cheney Clow lived and had his rebellion, in the Northern Queen Annes County, Maryland area, specifically the town of Sudlersville, Maryland, ever since. The Clow name has changed over time and many of the Clow lineage in the area now go by both Clow and Clough. On April 6, 1967, the local County Newspaper, the Queen Annes County Record Observer, ran a story with the headline, "Sudlersville Couple are Married 67 Years!" This couple was Dudley Clow and his wife, Emma Everett Clow. Mr. Clow was 90 years old at the time and of interest is that the family still used the Clow spelling instead of Clough. In 1969, the same newspaper published a photograph of five generations of Cheney Clow&#39;s descendants sitting together on a park bench. All were farmers and/or residents of the local Sudlersville community. In April 2009, a direct descendant of Cheney Clow, while serving as the local Fire Chief of the Sudlersville Volunteer Fire Company was killed in a single vehicle crash while responding to an alarm in a Fire Department Emergency Response Vehicle. Forty-one-year-old Charles F. "Buck" Clough, Jr. was hailed as a hero, made national news and his accident and death has had a profound effect on the small, tight-knit farming community.</p><br>
<p>Cheney Clows descendants suffered another terrible blow in the last part of 2009 when Nelson H. "Dickie" Clough of Millington, Maryland died on Christmas Eve, December 24, 2009. He was 85. He was the uncle and best friend of Charles F. "Buck" Clough, Jr. and was the current cornerstone of the huge Clough clan in the Northern Queen Annes County area.</p><br>
<p>He was a member of United States Army during World War II. He served with D Company, 83rd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, 3rd Armored Division. He fought in the Battle of the Bulge, the Ardennes and the Rhineland. He fought in and across Europe until Victory in Europe was declared. He was a life member of VFW Post 652 in Millington, Maryland, where he served as Commander 5 times and he was a member of the American Legion Post 14, Smyrna, Delaware. His death has also had a profound effect on the local community and the Clough family in particular.</p><br>
<p>Cheney Clows life and legacy continue to influence the area and his life, and actions are still rippling through the fabric of life in the Kent County, Delaware and Northern Queen Annes County, Maryland areas.</p><br>
<p>Hough Peak  is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain, part of the Dix Range, is named after Franklin B. Hough (1822–1885), the first chief of the United States Division of Forestry, and sometimes called the "father of American forestry".</p><br>
<p>Hough Peak is flanked to the north by Dix Mountain, and to the south by South Dix.</p><br>
<p>The east side of Hough Peak drains into the headwaters of the South Fork of the Boquet River, thence into Lake Champlain, which drains into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The west side of Hough Peak drains into Lillian Brook, thence into the East Inlet of Elk Lake, and into The Branch of the Schroon River, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>Hough Peak is within the Dix Mountain Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>Ratangad  is a fort in Ratan Wadi, Maharashtra, India, overlooking the locale of Bhandardara, one of the oldest artificial catchment area. This fort is located in the Ahmadnagar district of Maharashtra. It is on the boundary of Ahmadnagar and Thane districts. The fort is about 2000 years old. This fort is covered with beautiful flowering plants in November. Ratangad is also called Jewels of the Fort.</p><br>
<h2>Places to see</h2><br>
<p>Ratangad has a natural rock peak with a cavity in it at the top which is called Nedhe or Eye of the Needle.The fort has four gates Ganesh, Hanuman, Konkan and Trimbak. The sculptures of Lord Ganesh and Hanuman are seen on the main gate. It also has many wells on the top. The main attraction at Ratanwadi is the Amruteshwar Temple, famous for its carvings, dating back to the Hemadpant Era - roughly from the eighth century. The fort is origin for the river Pravara/Amrutvahini. The Bhandardara dam(arthar dam) is built on this river.From the top of the fort neighbouring forts like Alang, kulang, Madan gad, Harishchandragad, Patta are seen easily. The view of entire Bhandardara dam( Lake Arthur) gives sheer pleasure.There are many rock cut water cisterns on the fort. Some of them store potable water throughout the year.There is a natural hole in the mountain top probably caused by wind erosion. It is 10 feet high and 60 feet wide. Due to its shape it is called Nedhe (or eye of the needle in Marathi).On the eastern side of the fort there are two caves, which can be used for overnight stay.This fort can be visited in any part of the year however the beast season is from October–February when the temperature is cool and the vegetation has not dried up.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort is 2000 years old. Ratangad was captured by Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.</p><br>
<h2>How to reach</h2><br>
<p>There are two main routes to reach the fort. One route starts from village Samrad and the other from village Ratanwadi. The base village Ratanwadi is approached by boat from Bhandardara or by road from Ghoti-Bhandardara road. By boat, it is a 6 km journey and further it is a 4 km walk till Ratanwadi.The trek route from Ratanwadi is the simplest one, it passes through dense forest along the northern bank of the Pravara river, till it reaches a scarp. The final climb is made easy by the iron ladders constructed by the forest department.The local villagers on weekends, erect small shacks on the way to provide tea and snacks for the trekkers.Some villagers provide food and snacks on the fort cave also.The trek route from village Samrad is quite difficult one, it passes over the narrow spur and finally reaches the Trymbak darwaja. This route enthralls the trekkers with joy of seeing the natural beauty and success of completion of the tough challenge. The entire fort can be seen by taking a path which moves around the ridge of the fort.A small group of people can make a overnight stay in the cave on the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Phelps Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is named after Orson Schofield "Old Mountain" Phelps (1817–1905), who cut the first trail up Mount Marcy and named several of the Adirondack peaks. It is the 32nd highest peak in New York.</p><br>
<p>Phelps Mountain is flanked to the southeast by Tabletop Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Phelps Mountain stands within the watershed of the West Branch of the Ausable River, which drains into Lake Champlain, thence into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The south side of Phelps Mtn. drains into Phelps Brook, thence into Marcy Brook, and the Ausable&#39;s West Branch.</p><br>
<p>The northwest side of Phelps Mtn. drains into Pelkey Brook, thence into Marcy Brook.</p><br>
<p>The northeast side of Phelps drains into Klondike Brook, thence into Marcy Brook.</p><br>
<p>Phelps is climbed regularly, and has a well marked trail. The trail is rocky and is very steep in some parts of the final approach to the summit. There are good views of Marcy, Colden, and Algonquin near the summit. There are also views of the ridge formed by Tabletop, Yard, and Big Slide. There is a partial view of The Great Range, and Giant can be seen in the distance.</p><br>
<p>Phelps Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of the Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>Table Top Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>Table Top Mtn. is flanked to the north by Phelps Mountain, and to the south by Mount Marcy.</p><br>
<p>Table Top has three summits; the southernmost is the highest, followed by the middle peak (1,312 m) and the north peak (1,285 m).</p><br>
<p>Table Top Mountain stands within the watershed of the Ausable River, which drains into Lake Champlain, thence into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The southwest end of Table Top Mtn. drains into Marcy Brook, and the West Branch of the Ausable River.</p><br>
<p>The northwest side of Table Top Mtn. drains into Phelps Brook, thence into Marcy Brook.</p><br>
<p>The north end of Table Top drains into Klondike Brook, thence into the Ausable&#39;s West Branch.</p><br>
<p>The southeast side of Table Top drains into Johns Brook, thence into the East Branch of the Ausable River.</p><br>
<p>Table Top Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of the Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>Arutua, or Ngaru-atua is an atoll in the Tuamotu group in French Polynesia. It is located 40 km SW of Rangiroa. The closest land is Apataki Atoll, only 16 km to the East.</p><br>
<p>Arutua Atoll has a roughly pentagonal shape. Length 31 km, width 24 km. The lagoon area is 484 km&sup2; and the land area is 15 km&sup2;. Its lagoon is wide and deep with one navigable passage.</p><br>
<p>Geographically Arutua belongs to the Palliser Islands (Îles Palliser) subgroup of the Tuamotus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded European to visit Arutua Atoll was Jakob Roggeveen (who also first sighted Easter Island) in 1722. British mariner Frederick Beechey touched at Arutua in 1826. He named this atoll "Cockburn Island".</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>This atoll is the capital of the commune of Arutua, which consists of Arutua, as well as the atolls of Apataki and Kaukura.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Table 1. Current population.</p><br>
<p>Table 2. Population over time.</p><br>
<h2>Images and maps</h2><br>
<p>Fangatau, or Nakai-erua, is a small atoll in the Tuamotu group in French Polynesia. The nearest land is Fakahina Atoll, located 72 km to the ESE. This small atoll has an elongated shape. Its length is 8 km, maximum width 3.5 km. It has a total area of 22.2 km&sup2;. . Its reef encloses its lagoon completely. Anchorage is difficult. Fangatau Atoll has 145 inhabitants. Teana is the main village.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded European to arrive to Fangatau was Russian oceanic explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen on the 10 July 1820 on ships Vostok and Mirni. He named this atoll "Arakcheev".</p><br>
<p>Fangatau was the home of Kamake an Iturangi, regarded by anthropologist Kenneth Emory as "the greatest Tuamotuan sage" he ever met.</p><br>
<p>There is a territorial (domestic) airfield in Fangatau which was inaugurated in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The commune of Fangatau consists of Fangatau Atoll, as well as the atoll and associated commune of Fakahina.</p><br>
<p>Commune associée</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The atoll is served by the Fangatau Airport.</p><br>
<p>Reao or Natūpe is an atoll in the eastern expanses of the Tuamotu group in French Polynesia. The closest land is Pukarua Atoll, located 48 km to the WNW.</p><br>
<p>Reao is 24.5 km long and its maximum width is 5 km. The whole length of its north-eastern rim is occupied by a single long island. There is no navigable pass into the lagoon.</p><br>
<p>Reao Atoll&#39;s population is 379 inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded European to sight Reao Atoll was French explorer Louis Isidore Duperrey in 1823. He named this atoll "Clermont Tonnerre".</p><br>
<p>Reao was visited by the United States Exploring Expedition led by Charles Wilkes on August 13, 1839. They became the first white men to set foot on the island, but were met by a hostile group of 17 natives.</p><br>
<p>Reao Airport was inaugurated in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lagoon of the atoll is particularly important in that it hosts large colonies of Porites mordax and Acropora formosa corals, as well as over 400 Tridacna maxima clams.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The commune of Reao consists of Reao, as well as the atoll of Pukarua.</p><br>
<p>Takaroa, Taka-roa or Takapua, is an atoll in the Tuamotu group in French Polynesia. It has a length of 27.4 km and a width of 7 km; its land area is 20 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The nearest land is Takapoto Atoll, located 10 km to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Fine pearls, including black pearls, were obtained in the lagoon of Takaroa.</p><br>
<p>Geographically Takaroa is part of the King George Islands (Iles du Roi Georges) subgroup, which includes Ahe, Manihi, Takapoto, Takaroa and Tikei.</p><br>
<p>Takaroa Atoll has 882 inhabitants. The main village is Teavaroa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded Europeans to arrive to Takaroa were Dutch explorers Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten on 14 April 1616 during their Pacific journey. They called this atoll "Sondergrond Island".</p><br>
<p>Captain Cook visited the island in 1774.</p><br>
<p>Takaroa territorial airport was inaugurated in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The commune of Takaroa consists of the atolls of Takaroa and Takapoto, as well as Tikei Island.</p><br>
<p>Tatakoto is an atoll in the Tuamotu group in French Polynesia.</p><br>
<p>Tatakoto is one of the more isolated atolls of the Tuamotus. It is situated in the east of the archipelago, 1,182 km from Tahiti. This atoll is 14 km long and 3.5 km wide. It has one large island and 65 islets separated by numerous channels on the reef surrounding the lagoon. The islands are mostly located on its windward side (south). All the islands are flat, not much higher than the ocean level.</p><br>
<p>The main settlement is Tumukuru, and the total population was 287 in the 2012 census.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tatakoto Atoll was sighted the same day by two Spaniards. In the second expedition of the Águila, the two captains, Domingo de Bonechea and José Andía y Varela, separated when leaving Peru and did not see each other until reaching Tahiti. On 29 October 1774 (the day of Saint Narcissus) the two disembarked on Tatakoto without meeting. They named the island "San Narciso". Historically the island was also known as "d&#39;Augier".</p><br>
<p>Chronicler José Andía described the atoll as "extremely agreeable to the eyes by being very populated by shrubs." At the beginning of the twentieth century France established a colony and replanted the island with coconut palms, which still cover the island.</p><br>
<p>Tatakoto Airport was inaugurated in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Administratively Tatakoto Atoll has its own commune, which belongs to the Îles Tuamotu-Gambier administrative subdivision of French Polynesia.</p><br>
<h2>Total Eclipse of 11 July 2010</h2><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The atoll is served by the Tatakoto Airport.</p><br>
<p>Formosa Island is an island in the River Thames in England at Cookham Lock near Cookham, Berkshire, with two smaller adjacent islands.</p><br>
<p>The island is one of the largest on the non-tidal river Thames with 50 acre of woodland. It can be reached by footbridge from Cookham. It is between two of the four channels in the river at Cookham, the one closest to Cookham was once the mill stream to a paper mill at Cookham. The one on the other side leads to Odney Weir. The adjacent Mill Island has the lock channel on the other side. Beyond the lock channel is Sashes Island and the channel furthest from Cookham is Hedsor Water, the original navigation channel, which was blocked by the weir in 1830 when the lock was opened, causing loss of trade to then owner Lord Boston.</p><br>
<p>The Thorstein Veblen Farmstead is a National Historic Landmark near Nerstrand in rural Rice County, Minnesota, United States. The property is nationally significant as the childhood home of Thorstein B. Veblen , an economist, social scientist, and critic of American culture probably best known for Theory of the Leisure Class, published in 1899.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Veblen farmstead stands east of Nerstrand in far eastern Rice County, off Goodhue Avenue north of Minnesota State Highway 246. Now reduced to 10 acre, the property includes a house, chicken coop, granary, and barn with attached milking shed. The house, granary, and barn, were all built by Thomas Veblen, in the 1870s and 1880s. The house is a two-story frame structure, with a side gable roof, two chimneys, and clapboard siding. A single-story porch extends across the front, supported by square posts, with a balcony above. The granary is a small two-story clapboarded frame building, measuring about 25 x. The barn is two stories, and has a gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>Thorstein Veblen, born in Wisconsin in 1857, lived on this farm (homesteaded by his parents) as a youth and returned often as an adult, due in part to his inability to land a job, despite college degrees. The product of an austere agrarian upbringing, Veblen has often been called one of Americas most creative and original thinkers. He coined the term "conspicuous consumption." The propertys simple vernacular styling illustrates early influences on Veblen&#39;s life as the son of immigrants, growing up in a tightly knit Norwegian-American community. His book, Theory of the Leisure Class is distinguished by economic, social, and literary scholars.</p><br>
<p>The Veblens sold the property in 1893 and it continued to be an active farm until 1970, when the buildings fell into disrepair. The house has now been meticulously restored and the Preservation Alliance of Minnesota holds a preservation easement on the property.</p><br>
<p>Chesuncook Lake is a reservoir in the North Maine Woods and Piscataquis County, Maine. It is formed by the damming of the West Branch Penobscot River, by dams built in 1835, 1903, and 1916. It is approximately 22 mi long and 1–4 miles wide, with a surface area of 25,183 acre and a maximum depth of 150 ft. It is the third-largest body of fresh water in Maine.</p><br>
<p>The lake was named "goose place" by combining the call of the Canada goose schunk with auke (the Abenaki word for place) to form Chesuncook. Henry David Thoreau visited Chesuncook (village) and lake in 1853 and wrote about its beginnings in his book "The Maine Woods" Chesuncook Part 4; Ansell Smiths the oldest and principal clearing about this lake...&#39; Thoreau observed no geese on the lake during his visit.</p><br>
<p>The original lake was enlarged by construction of Ripogenus Dam in 1916 to cover Ripogenus Lake, Caribou Lake, and Moose Pond. The enlarged lake became less suitable for Lake trout because of fluctuating reservoir levels for generating hydroelectricity.</p><br>
<p>The lake is on the Northern Forest Canoe Trail.</p><br>
<h2>In fiction</h2><br>
<p>In H.P. Lovecraft&#39;s horror short story The Thing on the Doorstep, the ill-fated Edward Derby found himself lost in the town of Chesuncook, "close to the wildest, deepest, and least explored forest belt in Maine."</p><br>
<p>Chesuncook Lake features in First Lensman by EE "Doc" Smith as a clandestine handover point for a shipment of illegal drugs.</p><br>
<h2>Chesuncook Village</h2><br>
<p>Chesuncook Village is a small settlement located on the northwestern shore of Chesuncook Lake with a year-round population of approximately 10 people on this otherwise uninhabited lake. It is in an unorganized township in the heart of the east coast&#39;s largest unsettled logging forest and is considered to be the last wilderness area on the eastern seaboard of the United States. It is approximately 60 miles from the nearest towns of Greenville and Millinocket, Maine. It is completely off grid with no infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>The only public land within the village is maintained by the state as a pasture and public boat launch/beach area. There is a non denominational meeting house which is used by seasonal churches, as a meeting place, and for foul weather refuge by those traveling through the area.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Chesuncook "Village" was settled in 1849 by Ansel A. Smith as a logging outfit.</p><br>
<p>The historic Chesuncook Lake House Inn, built in 1864 is still in operation 150 years later by its current owners the Surprenant family. Set on the shoreline of Chesuncook Lake and facing Mount Katahdin in the distance, the Lake House and its acreage are one of the few remaining North Woods "logging hotels" which at one time were built at intervals of every 14 miles (this was the average distance a man could walk in one day) through the logging regions in order to house and feed the logging industry as well as visiting travelers and sportsmen such as Henry David Thoreau.</p><br>
<p>The rest of the village which is actually a 1920s subdivision that never really took off, supports a scattering of privately owned seasonal camps and a few permanent year-round residents.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 Chesuncook Village celebrated the 150 year anniversary of the original publication of Henry David Thoreau&#39;s book "The Maine Woods".</p><br>
<p>Military Park is a 6 acre city park in Downtown Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. It is a nearly triangular park located between Park Place, Rector Street and Broad Street. From 1667, when the city was planned, until 1869 it was a training ground for soldiers. In 1869 it became the town commons.</p><br>
<p>The New Jersey Historical Society, Military Park Building and the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, and the Robert Treat Center are located across Park Place from the park. A $3.25 million renovation led by Dan Biederman was announced in February 2012. The reconstruction was expected to be completed in late 2013, but due to harsh weather was postponed until spring 2014. A casual restaurant, Burg, does business in the park. The park reopened in June 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>In the southwestern part of the park is the colossal Wars of America monument, created by Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of Mount Rushmore.</p><br>
<p>The sculpture itself forms the base of a large concrete sword built into the ground. The sword from the ground resembles a large dry fountain and from the air its shape is easily distinguished. The sword is about eighty yards long from the end of the statue to its tip; the blade is over ten feet across at its base. A bust of John F. Kennedy by Jacques Lipchitz was erected in 1965. The park also has an old drinking fountain with the phrase "My cup runneth over" carved around its base, and statues of Frederick Frelinghuysen and Philip Kearny.</p><br>
<p>A three-level underground parking garage is beneath the park. The Military Park Newark Light Rail station lies under the southwest end of the park at Raymond Boulevard and Park Place.</p><br>
<h2>Doane Park</h2><br>
<p>Doane Park is a tenth-acre triangular piece of land north of Military Park, where Broad Street and Park Place veer off and is separated from Military Park by Rector Street. A statue of Monsignor George Hobart Doane, for whom the park is named, was unveiled in 1908. Doane was a rector at St. Patrick&#39;s Pro-Cathedral and did much for the city including his work with the Essex County Park Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The annual Africa-Newark Festival celebrates African culture.</p><br>
<p>Jazz concerts are sometimes performed in Military Park.</p><br>
<p>On Thursdays during the fall, a farmers market is held on Park Place.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Cross is an historic Anglican church at 335 North Kings Highway in Stateburg, South Carolina. Built in 1850-52 to a design by noted South Carolina architect Edward C. Jones, it is a notable example of rammed earth construction with relatively high style Gothic Revival styling. It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture in 1973. The current minister is Fr. Michael E. Ridgill.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The church stands on the east side of North Kings Highway, west of the city of Sumter. Its walls, constructed of yellow rammed earth, stand 40 ft tall, and are covered in stucco, with buttressing at the corners and long sides of its cruciform plan. A tower stands attached to one end, and the steeply-pitched roof is finished in tile. Window and door openings are in the shape of Gothic arches. The church interior is painted gray in a manner resembling stone.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1850-52 on land donated earlier by American Revolutionary War General Thomas Sumter. It was designed by Edward C. Jones, one of South Carolina&#39;s leading architects; a prolific designer, only a relatively small number of his works now survive. Across the road from the church is Borough House Plantation, the home of Dr. William Wallace Anderson, chairman of the committee that built the church. In 1820, Dr. Anderson had built his own house of rammed earth on the plantation. With its additional rammed earth outbuildings, the plantation complex is also a National Historic Landmark, and both form part of the Stateburg Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Cross is still an active Anglican parish in the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina. The church still has its original Erben pipe organ installed in 1851.</p><br>
<p>An 18-month, $2.3 million restoration to repair extensive termite damage was completed late January 2010 under the then-rector the Rev. Fr. Thomas W. Allen.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Joel Roberts Poinsett (March 2, 1779 – December 12, 1851), physician, botanist and American statesman. The Poinsettia is named for him.</p><br>
<p>George L. Mabry, Jr. (September 14, 1917 – July 13, 1990), Major General, USA Army. Medal of Honor recipient.</p><br>
<p>The Magdalena River Valley  is a valley in Colombia located within the Colombian Andes. The valley is specifically situated between the Central and Eastern Ranges and crossed by the river of the same name, the Magdalena River.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Magdalena River Valley was formed after a series of tectonic formed depressions that filled up with continental sediment in the Tertiary period. These sediments came from the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The Magdalena Valley, subdivided into the Upper (VSM), Middle (VMM) and Lower Magdalena Valleys (VIM), is an important area for oil exploration in Colombia.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The first recorded European contact with the potato was in 1537 in the Magdalena Valley. The Spanish invaders became familiar with the crop and it was probably around 1570 when a Spanish ship first introduced potatoes to Europe.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The Magdalena River Valley is home to a species of butterfly, Magdalena Valley ringlet or Splendeuptychia ackeryi, first identified in 2009. There are many endangered mammals and birds found in the region, including the brown spider monkey and the endemic blue-billed curassow and white-mantled barbet. These species are threatened by habitat loss, among other factors.</p><br>
<p>Borough House Plantation, also known as Borough House, Hillcrest Plantation and Anderson Place, is an historic plantation on South Carolina Highway 261, 0.8 miles north of its intersection with USA Route 76/US Route 378 in Stateburg, in the High Hills of Santee near Sumter, South Carolina. A National Historic Landmark, the plantation is noted as the largest assemblage of high-style pisé  structures in the United States. The main house and six buildings on the plantation were built using this technique, beginning in 1821. The plantation is also notable as the home of Confederate Army General Richard H. Anderson.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The original house built in 1758 served at different times during the American Revolution as headquarters for both British General Lord Cornwallis and Continental Army General Nathanael Greene. The second house was built in 1820 of rammed earth by William Wallace Anderson, M.D. On October 7, 1821, his wife, the former Mary Jane Mackensie, gave birth there to their son, Richard H. Anderson, the future Confederate Army general. Stateburg was originally called Stateborough, and when the town was laid out, Borough House was the only residence in it, hence the name.</p><br>
<p>In 1850-1852, Dr. Anderson chaired the committee that built the Church of the Holy Cross of rammed earth across the road from Borough Hall. In 1851, Joel Roberts Poinsett, physician, American statesman and botanist (for whom the poinsettia is named), died while visiting Dr. Anderson and was buried in the churchyard across the road.</p><br>
<p>On March 23, 1972, Borough Hall plantation was added to the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s Church is a historic Roman Catholic church at 284 Suffolk Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. Built in 1853 for a predominantly Irish congregation founded in 1831, it is one of the oldest Catholic parishes north of Boston in the United States. The building, a fine example of Gothic Revival architecture designed by the noted ecclesiastical architect Patrick C. Keely, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Saint Patricks church was a wooden structure, built in 1831 to support the Irish workmen who had moved to Lowell, largely to work on the Pawtucket and Merrimack Canals. Prior to its construction, they were attended by Rev. John Mahoney, a Catholic clergyman from a nearby town. By 1830 there were over 400 Roman Catholics in Lowell, and on July 3, 1831, St Patricks Church was consecrated, led by Mahoney. Mahoney left in 1836 to work in Boston, and was succeeded by E.J. McCool.</p><br>
<p>The current stone structure dates to 1853, although a fire in 1904 caused much of the church to be rebuilt by 1906.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition to the traditional Irish and French Canadian congregations, the parish, including its school, serves local Southeast Asians, specifically with Vietnamese and Cambodian native-language Masses.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Patricks is located on the eastern edge of the Lowell neighborhood known as The Acre, an area where Irish immigrants originally settled in squatters camps to work in Lowells mills. The church overlooks one the citys power canals, at the junction of Suffolk and Cross Streets. It is built in a cruciform plan out of coursed rubblestone with ashlar granite trim. A tower 160 ft in height projects from the front facade, with stone buttresses flanking the main church entrance at its base. The entrance, as well as flanking entrances on either side, are set in Gothic lancet-arched openings. Above the main entrance is a three-part lancet-arched window, with the tall first stage of the tower completed by a smaller lancet window. The second tower stage houses a belfry with louvered lancet-arch openings, and it is topped by an octagonal steeple ornamented with lancet dormers.</p><br>
<p>Broad Creek in Prince Georges County was the first footprint of European settlement in the immediate counties around what would become the nations capital, Washington, D.C. The area is part of greater Fort Washington.</p><br>
<p>The area was settled by Europeans in the 1660s and the town was created in 1706 when the colonial Maryland Legislature authorized surveying and laying out the towns of Queen Anne Town, Nottingham, Mill Town, Piscataway, Aire (also known as Broad Creek) and Upper Marlboro (then known as Marlborough Town).</p><br>
<p>In 1747, the legislature tried to improve the quality and the method of marketing tobacco, then the major crop of the area, and established a formal system of tobacco inspection and quality control. The town was home to one of seven state tobacco warehouses built in Prince George&#39;s County.</p><br>
<p>The site is located 9 mi south of the USA Capitol building on the Potomac River. Today, this "first footprint" of settlement in the capital area is a Prince George&#39;s County Historic District, with three 17th century homesites and an 18th-century Episcopal Church structure. The Broad Creek Historic District comprises 900 acre along the Potomac River, and is remarkable for its environmental resources, as well as its 12,000-year-old Indian archeological discoveries.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 8, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The O. E. Rølvaag House was the home of Ole Edvart Rølvaag , Norwegian-American novelist and professor at St. Olaf College. The home is located at 311 Manitou Street in Northfield, Minnesota, United States. Rølvaag wrote most of his works in this house, which is near St. Olaf College, where he taught.</p><br>
<p>Rølvaag was born in Norway in 1876, and emigrated to the United States in 1896, settling in South Dakota. He graduated from St. Olaf College in 1905, and got a position there teaching Norwegian and writing. Rølvaag was the first novelist to describe the psychological cost of pioneering on the American frontier. Rølvaags famous trilogy&mdash;Giants in the Earth (1927), Peder Victorious (1928), and Their Fathers God (1931)&mdash;assesses the adjustments immigrant farmers had to make to prosper in the American Midwest.</p><br>
<p>The house stands on the west side of Manitou Street, between Greenvale and Summit Avenues, just east of the St. Olaf College campus. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a stuccoed first floor and a clapboarded half story. It has a broad side gable roof, with a pair of large gable dormers projecting to the front. The eaves of the main roof and dormers are extended, with exposed rafter ends and large brackets in the Craftsman style. The roof extends downward to shelter a now-enclosed porch extending across the front. The house was built for Rølvaag in 1912, and remained his home until his death in 1931. Principal alterations during his occupancy were the enclosing of the front porch, and the development of a garden in the rear. Some of the interior finishes have been preserved, including oak trim in the public spaces downstairs.</p><br>
<p>Allen Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. It is part of the Marcy Group of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains, and is flanked to the north by Mount Skylight.</p><br>
<p>The south side of Allen Mountain drains into White Lily Brook, thence into the Boreas Ponds, the Boreas River, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side drains into Dudley Brook, thence into the Opalescent River, and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The northwest side drains into Allen Brook, thence into Skylight Brook, and Dudley Brook.</p><br>
<p>The northeast side drains into Marcy Brook, thence into Stillwater Inlet, Upper Ausable Lake, and the Ausable River, which drains into Lake Champlain, and ultimately into Canada&#39;s Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The east side drains into Sand Brook, and thence into Stillwater Inlet.</p><br>
<p>Allen Mountain is in the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park and was named for Frederick B. Allen (1840–1925) in 1869.</p><br>
<p>Many experienced hikers in the area consider Allen Mountain to be the most difficult to climb of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks.</p><br>
<p>Crag Cave is a cave in Ireland, located just outside Castleisland, County Kerry.</p><br>
<p>Formed in elevated limestone rock, the system extends to 3.8 km of surveyed passage, on two levels. It is the 7th-longest cave system in the Republic of Ireland, and the 10th-longest in the whole of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>History of exploration</h2><br>
<p>While the Geological Survey of Ireland in 1859 acknowledged the presence of "caves worn by water, some of which can be traversed for some distance," positive efforts at exploration were not made until 1981, when the upper part of the cave was explored to a sump, named the "Green Lake". When hydrological testing of water both in the cave&#39;s active streamway and in the sump showed that the two were chemically distinct from each other, it was postulated that the sump was only "perched" above the water table and that further dry passage might be found on the far side.</p><br>
<p>Between 1981 and 1985, further exploration and surveying brought the total length of the cave to 3.81 km, with a vertical range of approximately 15 m. The entire cave system runs under Castleisland itself, starting at Glounsharoon and ending on the far side of town at the Killarney Road.</p><br>
<h2>Show cave</h2><br>
<p>Around 350 m of the Crag Cave system was developed as a show cave by local residents Dr. Donal and Mrs Margaret Geaney, under whose land the cave was first discovered. The cave was developed between 1987 and 1989 by building a shaft (which is the only man-made entrance) and putting in pathways, railings, lights and a music system.</p><br>
<p>Crag Cave attracts thousands of visitors every year. Tourists are given a guided tour of the cave which takes a half an hour. There are many chambers in the cave, including the Cathedral and the Crystal Gallery. Many of the features in the cave have been named after locations or characters from J.R.R. Tolkien&#39;s Middle-earth.</p><br>
<p>The tourist centre contains a gift-shop, coffee shop and a children&#39;s play area.</p><br>
<p>Cliff Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Marcy Group of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Cliff is flanked to the southeast by Mount Redfield.</p><br>
<p>Cliff Mountain stands within the watershed of the Opalescent River, a tributary of the Hudson River, which in turn drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The north and west sides of Cliff Mtn. drain directly into the Opalescent River.</p><br>
<p>The southeast side drains into Upper Twin Brook, thence into the Opalescent River.</p><br>
<p>According to the 1897 survey of the Adirondacks, the height of Cliff Mountain was over 4,000 ft, so it was included in the 46 High Peaks; the 1953 USGS survey found it and three other peaks to be lower, but the list has not been changed.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park. No marked trail leads to its summit.</p><br>
<p>Fort Pownall was a British fortification built during the French and Indian War, whose remains are located at Fort Point State Park in Stockton Springs, Maine. The fort was named for Governor Thomas Pownall, who oversaw its construction. It never saw action, and was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War by the actions of both colonists and the British military to prevent its further use. The fort&#39;s remains were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>Fort Point State Park is located at the easternmost tip of Cape Jellison, a triangular peninsula which juts into Penobscot Bay at the mouth of the Penobscot River. The 120 acre park, established in 1974, includes, in addition to the ruins of Fort Pownall, the Fort Point Light. The capes eastern tip forms a narrow peninsula, with the forts ruins on the high ground near its easternmost end.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1759, during the French and Indian War, Massachusetts governor Thomas Pownall led the construction of a fort here, which he named Fort Pownall after himself. It was one of three significant forts which the British built on the major rivers in the Northeast to cut off the native water ways to the ocean to prevent attacks on the British settlers (also see Fort Halifax and Fort Frederick (Saint John, New Brunswick)). The fort was intended to secure the area for European settlement by driving off the remaining Norridgewock and Penobscot Indians. Commander of the fort was Jedidiah Preble. No battles ever took place at the fort. In 1775, British forces seized the cannons and powder. Later, a regiment of Continental Army soldiers burnt the blockhouse and filled in most of the ditches to prevent their use by the British.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The fort, as built, was roughly 240 ft on each side, with an octagonal star-shaped earthworks surrounded by a moat or ditch 15 ft wide and 8 ft deep. Inside the earthworks was a blockhouse, built out of squared timbers, measuring 44 ft on each side, and two stories in height. At each corner there was a diamond-shaped projection, where each side was 33 ft. Because the blockhouse and other wooden elements of the fort were burned, only the earthworks and stone foundations remain.</p><br>
<p>Mount Redfield is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Marcy Group of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount Redfield is flanked to the northwest by Cliff Mountain, and to the northeast by Mount Skylight.</p><br>
<p>Verplanck Colvin (1847–1920) named Mount Redfield for William C. Redfield (1789–1857), organizer and member of the first expedition to Mount Marcy in 1837, and the first to guess that Marcy was the highest peak in the Adirondacks, and therefore in New York.</p><br>
<p>Mount Redfield stands within the watershed of the Opalescent River, a tributary of the Hudson River, which in turn drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The northeast and north sides of Mt. Redfield drain into Uphill Brook, thence into the Opalescent River.</p><br>
<p>The west end of Redfield drains into Upper Twin Brook, thence into the Opalescent River.</p><br>
<p>The south side of Redfield drains into Skylight Brook, thence into Dudley Brook and the Opalescent River.</p><br>
<p>Mount Redfield is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Heathman Hotel, in Portland, Oregon, United States, was originally built as the New Heathman Hotel and opened in 1927. It is among the last remaining historical Portland hotels such as the Benson Hotel , Imperial Hotel , and Governor Hotel . The Heathman Hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, as the New Heathman Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction, heyday, and decline</h3><br>
<p>The original Heathman Hotel, one block away from the current structure, was built at the intersection of Park and Salmon streets in 1926 by George Heathman, at a cost of $1 million. Wealthy lumber barons and railroad magnates, politicians, and upper-class investors of the day wanted a hotel that would fit their social station and demand for comfort and excellence. It stood 11 stories tall and offered 300 rooms.</p><br>
<p>Because of the success of the first hotel, Heathman immediately started work on a sister hotel a block away. The New Heathman Hotel was completed in 1927. It was a 10-story concrete structure faced with brick. The decorative details were designed in the Jacobean Revival style by the Portland architectural firm of DeYoung and Roald. The second story and upper-floor windows were trimmed in stone, and the lobbys dark-hued paneling extended to the mezzanine, where light flooded through tall, arched windows. Acanthus leaves decorated the mezzanines plaster columns and ceiling trim. The hotel&#39;s entrance was on the Salmon Street side</p><br>
<p>The building of the New Heathman was Portland&#39;s largest construction project to that date, employing 1,200 workers, all of whom were invited to celebrate at the pre-opening party. A formal opening occurred on December 17, 1927, marking the end of seven months of work.</p><br>
<p>When the New Heathman was ready, Governor I. L. Patterson and Mayor George Luis Baker made dedication speeches. Radio station KOIN featured live band and orchestral pieces. Portland city commissioners joined with the business community to pay tribute. The Oregon Journal described the Heathman as "Portland&#39;s newest and most modern hotel" and wrote, "Its planning, construction and general appointments are as modern as human ingenuity and talent could possibly make it", and that it was located on "Broadway … ablaze with theatre marquees, restaurants and shops."</p><br>
<p>In 1927, Broadway was called Portlands "Great White Way," and was the focal point of downtowns entertainment center. Large, boldly colored marquee lights surrounded the hotel. On the eve of construction, Heathman announced plans to put in a ground floor coffee shop that was designed to be the largest coffee shop in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.</p><br>
<p>KOIN moved from the old Heathman to the new Heathman on December 17, 1927. On September 22, 1932, KOIN acquired a sister station, KALE. KALE moved into the KOIN studio complex in 1933. With an additional station, more studio space was needed. Between 1933 and 1939, the mezzanine of the New Heathman was modified several times to accommodate the stations. The biggest change was the addition of the north/south wall and several dividing partitions to create offices along the east side of the building. Studio A and Studio B at the south end were also altered. By 1940 the major structural changes were finished. The studios were then described as "the finest broadcast facility in the country." In 1944, KALE moved out of the New Heathman when KOIN was sold. When KOIN joined the television era in 1953, it required development of larger quarters still and finally left its radio studios at the New Heathman in 1955 to join its TV sister station.</p><br>
<p>The New Heathmans coffee shop eventually closed as business diminished. The space was temporarily used as a political campaign headquarters, then sat empty until the hotels renovation in 1983. The area that is now the hotels entrance once housed a drug store and gift shop. The drug store gained fame as Portlands first 24-hour pharmacy.</p><br>
<p>George Heathman died at age 49, less than three years after the New Heathman was completed. His wife, Katherine, and two of their four children remained active in the hotel industry and retained an interest in operations of the New Heathman until the early 1960s. Harry, George&#39;s son, managed the hotel until shortly before his death in 1962.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, much of the business and entertainment in Portland&#39;s downtown left for the suburbs. By the late 1960s, Broadway had lost most of these businesses. In the next decade, new city leaders recognized the changes and sought to convince major retail stores to keep their operations in the heart of downtown, and to even build new locations.</p><br>
<p>As the city redeveloped the downtown area, it attempted to reintroduce music and theater on Broadway. A performing arts center was developed in the old Paramount Theatre (now called The Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall) located next door to the New Heathman. The site&#39;s development and architectural design plans were drawn with the help of the city, private investors, concerned citizens, and artists.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Center for Performing Arts Area Development Plan noted in 1982 that the location and development of the New Heathman made its condition crucial to the success of the adjacent Paramount Concert Hall. The Heathman Hotel was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in February 1984, under its old name, the New Heathman Hotel. At the time the building was nominated for the NRHP, it was noted that "interior fixtures, facilities and furnishings are presently ill maintained, inadequate and outdated." The nomination also said that in 1983, "much of the interior spaces in the New Heathman Hotel are unoccupied."</p><br>
<h3>Remodel and the hotel today</h3><br>
<p>The New Heathmans importance to the neighborhood appealed to developers, so by autumn of 1984 a two-year and $16 million renovation of the building was completed, with the "New" prefix removed from the name, as the original hotel had long since been renamed. The Heathmans public spaces were remodeled in new natural materials like marble and teak brought in by Portland architect Carter Case and interior designer Andrew Delfino. Then-owner Mark Stevenson had the original exterior and eucalyptus-paneled Tea Court restored. Above the Tea Court, a 100-year-old crystal chandelier that was once used in the USA Embassy in Czechoslovakia was 18th-century paintings by French landscape artist Claude Lorrain were installed. The newly redone guest rooms were furnished in 18th–20th-century styles of Biedermeier, Ming, Empire, and Regency. As part of this remodeling, the hotel&#39;s main entrance was relocated from the Salmon Street side to Broadway, in support of new city design guidelines calling for major building entrances to be located on major streets.</p><br>
<p>The Stevenson family sold the hotel and the name to the Rim Corporation of Modesto, California, in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Local restaurant chain McCormick & Schmicks took over management of the Heathmans restaurant; Rim announced it would adopt the "Heathman" name for its line of upscale, boutique hotels. The purchase price was reported as being "in the neighborhood" of $25 million.</p><br>
<p>In October 2007, a new Heathman Hotel opened in Kirkland, Washington, with 91 rooms.</p><br>
<p>LaSalle Hotel Properties bought the Heathman in December 2014 for $64.3 million.</p><br>
<h2>Hotel amenities</h2><br>
<p>The Heathman&#39;s motto is "Where Service is Still an Art". The hotel is known for having doormen dressed in English Beefeater costumes. The entrance also features a bronze sculpture of Zelda, an English bulldog from Portland, who is also dressed in a Beefeater costume. The sculpture, which includes a dog bowl filled with fresh water, was donated by Banfield Pet Hospital in 2010, and depicts the star of the "Zelda Wisdom" line of greeting cards.</p><br>
<p>Travel + Leisure placed the Heathman on its 500 Best Hotels in the World list in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2015. In 2011, Food & Wine listed the Heathman as one of the 21 most haunted restaurants and hotels in America.</p><br>
<p>The Heathman acquired several original artworks at the time of the 1980s remodel and launched a campaign of support for the visual arts. The hotels collection has included 250 original paintings, photographs, and works on paper, with a focus on American artists, and particularly artists local to the Northwestern United States. Prints from Andy Warhols Endangered Species lithograph series are found on most floors, and one room specifically pays tribute to Warhol in its interior design.</p><br>
<p>Visual art exhibits that change seasonally can be viewed on the mezzanine. These exhibits are curated by Portland&#39;s Elizabeth Leach Gallery. The Heathman also has a library on the mezzanine level containing a large collection of books signed by authors who have been guests at the hotel.</p><br>
<h3>Restaurant</h3><br>
<p>The Heathman Restaurant & Bar was run by Houston, Texas-based Landrys, Inc. It was known for French-influenced Pacific Northwest cuisine, and was considered one of Portlands top restaurants, earning four stars from the Forbes Travel Guide in 2014. In 2003, while the restaurant was under McCormick & Schmick&#39;s management, Anthony Bourdain reported in The New York Times on a special all-offal menu at the Heathman created in his honor.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the restaurant was reopened as Headwaters at the Heathman, or simply Headwaters, after a 6-month renovation. Run by Chef Vitaly Paley, Headwaters specializes in seafood and Northwest cuisine.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York, named after Thomas Armstrong, a local pioneer.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong Mtn. is flanked to the southwest by Gothics, and to the northeast by Upper Wolfjaw Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong Mountain stands within the watershed of the East Branch of the Ausable River, which drains into Lake Champlain, thence into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The east side of Armstrong Mtn. drains into the East Branch of the Ausable River.</p><br>
<p>The west side of Armstrong Mtn. drains into Ore Bed Brook, thence into Johns Brook and the East Branch.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>Pamban Island , also known as Rameswaram Island, is an island located between peninsular India and Sri Lanka. The island is a part of India and forms the Rameswaram taluk of the Ramanathapuram district of the state of Tamil Nadu. The principal town in the island is the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram.</p><br>
<h2>Location and size</h2><br>
<p>Pamban Island is situated between 9°11 N and 9°19 N latitude and 79°12 E to 79°23 E longitudes. The chain formed by Pamban Island, the shoals of Adam&#39;s Bridge, and Mannar Island of Sri Lanka separate Palk Bay and the Palk Strait in the northeast from the Gulf of Mannar in the southwest. Pamban Island extends for around 30 kilometres in width from the township of Pamban in the west to the remains of Dhanushkodi towards the south-east. The length of the island varies from 2 kilometres at the Dhanushkodi promontory to 7 kilometres near Rameswaram. The area of the island is around 67 square km.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Pamban Island constitutes a separate taluk of Ramanathapuram district with four administrative divisions, Okarisalkulam, Mahindi, Pamban and Rameswaram. There are two administrative villages, Pamban and Rameswaram. The two main towns on Pamban Island are Pamban and Rameswaram. There are also smaller settlements upon the island like Thangachimadam. The taluk headquarters is at Rameswaram. There are railway stations at Pamban and Rameswaram.</p><br>
<p>Rameswaram with a population of 38,035 (2001 census) is the largest and most populous town on the island. It is one of the most sacred Hindu religious sites and a pilgrimage destination for thousands of Hindus every year. The Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram has the longest corridor in Asia. Rameswaram is situated at the centre of the island, around 11 kilometres from the township of Pamban and 18 kilometres from Dhanushkodi.</p><br>
<p>Pamban, situated at the western edge of Pamban Island, is a fishing village and a harbour which is the main point of entry for the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram. It has a population of around 9,000 inhabitants. Its importance has enhanced because it is located at the eastern end of Pamban Bridge through which supplies enter the island. Pamban is 11 kilometres from Rameswaram, 30 kilometres from the tip of Dhanushkodi and around 7 kilometres from Mandapam on the Indian mainland. It is separated from the Indian mainland by a narrow strip of sea.</p><br>
<p>Thangachi Madam situated between Pamban and Rameswaram is a minor settlement. It derives its name from a mutt(Madam) which is located in the town. There are a couple of temples and a few churches. The township is also served by a police station. Ekantharamar Temple constructed and maintained by the Kanchi mutt is the main attraction here.</p><br>
<p>At the eastern tip of the island lies the site of Dhanushkodi, a harbour and a pilgrimage centre, was washed away by the December 1964 cyclone. Prior to its destruction it was a flourishing township and a prominent place of pilgrimage. In its heyday, it rivalled Rameswaram in size and population. However, the December 1964 cyclone destroyed the town in its entirety claiming over 2,000 lives and crippling power supply and communications. Houses, temples, churches, dispensaries and dharmashalas were destroyed leaving nothing but a ghost town. Some of the dharmashalas and a prominent mutt based in Dhanushkodi have been moved to Rameswaram. But Dhanushkodi could never be rebuilt. Dhanushkodi was well connected by rail and road with Pamban and the mainland until the cyclone struck. The ruins of the station and the railway track have been left untouched thereby making the ghost-town a popular tourist destination.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Most of Pamban Island lies below sea-level. However, there are a few hillocks and elevated physical features in the vicinity of Rameswaram of which Mt.Gandamadana is the tallest. It is believed that this was the hillock from whose summit Lord Rama observed Lanka and conceived the idea of constructing a bridge between India and Lanka. A temple commemorates the exact site.</p><br>
<p>Most of Pamban Island is covered with white sand and hence is not suitable for cultivation. Coconut and palm trees are found in abundance apart from fig and eucalyptus plants. Scrubs and rushes are found in abundance all along the sea-shore.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pelion West is a mountain located in the Central Highlands region of Tasmania, Australia. The mountain is part of the Pelion Range and is situated within the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park at the eastern most boundary of the Murchison River catchment.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pelion West is the third highest mountain in Tasmania with an elevation of 1,560 m above sea level and is one of only eight mountains in the state which are over 1,500 m.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain location</h2><br>
<p>The mountain summit is at grid reference 152682 UTM Zone 55S and high resolution topographical information is available on Tasmap Achilles (4036) 1:25000. To the west lies an extensive, relatively flat moorland, to the north is Cradle Mountain and Barn Bluff, to the northeast and quite close at 6 km is Mount Oakleigh, to the east is Mount Pelion East and due south is Mount Achilles. Below the northern side of the mountain is Pelion Creek which flows into the head waters of the Forth River. The Forth River has its origin directly east of Pelion West at Frog Flats (720 m above sea level), the lowest point on the whole Overland Track. At its closest point the Overland Track passes within 2 km of the mountain summit.</p><br>
<h2>Ascending</h2><br>
<p>Keith Ernest Lancaster, an early bushwalking and mountain climbing pioneer, climbed Mount Pelion West on 30 January 1946 by enduring a slow and painful crawl through sections of the sharp and prickly Richea scoparia that frequently inhabits alpine areas around Tasmanian mountains. Lancaster referred to Mount Pelion West as one of "The Giants of the Reserve". In his account of his climb Lancaster mentions "the confusion of the enormous boulders" on the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>On the Achilles Tasmap is marked the approximate location of a walking track to climb the mountain along its northeastern spur. The unmarked track start is approximately 250 m east of the Pelion Creek crossing on the Overland Track and is in between two logs that are perpendicular to the Overland Track. This mountain is much more difficult to climb than either Mount Ossa or Mount Pelion East, the more traditional side-excursion climbs along the famous 65 km Overland Track. This is due to a difficult traverse of over 500 m across huge dolerite boulders to reach the obelisk shaped, sloping summit boulder.</p><br>
<p>Saddleback Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The 0.2 mi long summit ridge has peaks at each end with a pronounced dip between, giving it the profile of a saddle.</p><br>
<p>Saddleback Mtn. is flanked to the southwest by Basin Mountain, and to the east by Gothics.</p><br>
<p>Saddleback Mountain stands within the watershed of the East Branch of the Ausable River, which drains into Lake Champlain, thence into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The southeast end and southwest side of Saddleback Mtn. drain into Shanty Brook, thence into the East Branch of the Ausable River between Upper and Lower Ausable Lake.</p><br>
<p>The northwest end of Saddleback Mtn. drains into Chicken Coop Brook, thence into Johns Brook and the East Branch.</p><br>
<p>The northeast side of Saddleback Mtn. drains into Ore Bed Brook, thence into Johns Brook.</p><br>
<p>Saddleback Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Ambassador Apartments is a historic building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. Since 1979, it has been on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Described as Jacobean, the Ambassador Apartments is unique in Portland for substituting Idaho sandstone instead of the glazed terra-cotta common in the facades and trim of structures dating from the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>It is a nine-story H-shaped building with about 6,000 ft&sup2; per floor.</p><br>
<p>The building has been the residence of many prominent business and professional people, including lumber company owner Louis Gerlinger Sr. during 1929-1940 and William Simon U&#39;Ren during 1927-1949. Edith Green maintained an office on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Located on prime downtown real estate, the building has now been converted into condominiums. In 1999, the smallest unit available was advertised for $148,000.</p><br>
<p>Sawteeth  is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s name comes from the serrated appearance of its summit ridge.</p><br>
<p>Sawteeth is on a spur ridge of the Great Range, which branches off to the southeast from Gothics.</p><br>
<p>Sawteeth stands within the watershed of the East Branch of the Ausable River, which drains into Lake Champlain, thence into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The west side and south end of Sawteeth drain into Shanty Brook, thence into the East Branch of the Ausable River between Upper and Lower Ausable Lake.</p><br>
<p>The east side and north end of Sawteeth drain into Cascade Brook, thence into the East Branch below Lower Ausable Lake.</p><br>
<p>Sawteeth is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack Park, and entirely within the Adirondack Mountain Reserve (property of the Ausable Club).</p><br>
<p>The Labyrintovye Islands   is a group of flat islands in the Pyasino Gulf of the Kara Sea. They are located at the mouth of the Pyasina River. Their latitude is 73° 50&#39; N and its longitude 86° 45&#39; E.</p><br>
<p>These islands form a compact group that has been formed by river sediments. Rogozyna (Ru. Rogozynskogo) is the largest and southernmost island and it is 15 km in length. Other important islands are Chaek and Bolshoy Labyrintovy. All these islands are marshy and covered with tundra vegetation and lakes.</p><br>
<p>The sea surrounding the Labyrintovye Islands is covered with pack ice with some polynias in the winter and there are many ice floes even in the summer.</p><br>
<p>The climate in the area is Arctic, with long bitter winters and a short warmer period which barely allows the ice to melt.</p><br>
<p>These islands belong to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>The Labyrintovye group is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve of Russia and there is much aquatic life in the marshes, especially birds.</p><br>
<p>Carambie Cave  is a large, relatively dry, white limestone cave in Trelawny Parish, Jamaica. It is believed that it may have been used by Taíno people although no evidence of their presence has been found.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>Carambie cave is home to a small roost of fruit bats as well a few other bat species. There are several species of invertebrates, mostly living on the limited bat guano deposits. These include some flies (mainly Neoditomyia farri) and some spiders.</p><br>
<p>The cave has three entrances: Light 18.307&deg; latitude, -77.563&deg; longitude, Dark 18.306&deg; latitude, -77.563&deg; longitude and Back 18.307&deg; latitude, -77.564&deg; longitude.</p><br>
<h2>Fossils</h2><br>
<p>A specimen of the foraminiferan Dictyoconus jontabellensis Vaughan was found in the roof of one of the entrances during the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Irvine Park is a neighborhood just west of downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, that contains a number of historic homes. The neighborhood was platted by John Irvine and Henry Mower Rice in 1849. At the center of the neighborhood is Irvine Park, a New England-style public square. The neighborhood is a district listed on the National Register of Historic Places and also designated by the city as a historic district.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood suffered for much of the twentieth century. A report on housing from the 1930s characterized the area as being</p><br>
<p>... in the less desirable rooming-house district; old homes, that at one time were mansions, but, over a period of years have been out-moded. Each successive tenant has been a little less able to pay adequate rent until the present occupants have commercialized the homes in one form or another.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, 96 percent of the neighborhood&#39;s houses were classified as substandard by the city. In the early 1970s the city planned to tear down the area and replace it with high-rise apartments for public housing. The neighborhood became a National Register Historic District in 1973 and was named Saint Paul Heritage Preservation District in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Houses in the district</h2><br>
<p>Normal Station is a neighborhood in East Memphis, Tennessee, anchored by the University of Memphis, formerly Memphis State University, and originally called West Tennessee State Normal School. It is bordered by the University of Memphis to the north, Audubon Park to the east, Park Avenue and the Sherwood Forest neighborhood to the south, and Highland Street to the west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until the early 20th century, the neighborhood was part of an area known as the Eckles Tract. In 1911, construction of the new normal school began in the neighborhood. To serve the construction, the Southern Railroad built a stub track northward from its main line. A streetcar line was extended eastward to serve the site. When the school opened in 1912, the railroad converted the terminus of its stub line into an official stop and built a waiting station in front of the school, near what is now the intersection of Highland Street and Southern Avenue, to serve passengers using the railroad and the streetcars. The neighborhood took on the name of the railway station, Normal Station.</p><br>
<p>It was common in the outlying areas around Memphis for neighborhoods and small towns to get their names from land owners, landmarks and railway stations. The custom is also seen today in areas such as Buntyn Station, White Station, and Bray Station.</p><br>
<p>The Normal railway station closed in 1949 and was demolished the following year.</p><br>
<h2>Campus neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>The athletic department, student fitness center, and south parking lots of the University of Memphis are located in this neighborhood. Because of the proximity to the University, a large proportion of the neighborhood population are students and faculty. Most of the homes in this neighborhood are one-story single-family homes and duplexes built after World War II, but there are small apartment complexes and some larger, older homes interspersed within. The neighborhood is located in ZIP code 38111.</p><br>
<p>The Gydan Peninsula  is a geographical feature of the Siberian coast in the Kara Sea. It is roughly 400 km long and 360 km wide. This wide peninsula lies between the estuaries of the Ob  and Yenisei Rivers . The southwestern corner of the peninsula is limited by the Taz Estuary. The climate in the whole area of the peninsula is arctic and harsh.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Gydan Peninsula is mostly flat, with numerous lakes and rivers. Its ground consists of permafrost and is covered by tundra.</p><br>
<p>This peninsula has a few arms or subpeninsulas extending northwards into the Kara Sea, where there are some large islands off its shores, including Oleniy, Shokalsky and Vilkitsky Islands. There are two bays in its northern coast, narrow and deep Khalmyer Bay and smaller Yuratski Bay. The peninsula formed between the Khalmyer Bay and neighbouring Yuratski Bay is known as the Mamonta Peninsula (Полуостров Мамонта; Poluostrov Mamonta, meaning Mammoth Peninsula) and the narrow peninsula in the NW formed between this bay and the neighbouring Gulf of Ob is known as the Yavay Peninsula (полуостров Явай; Poluostrov Yavay).</p><br>
<p>The Gydan Peninsula is located in the Yamal-Nenets autonomous district administrative region of the Russian Federation. It appears also in the genitive as Gydansky or Gydanskiy Peninsula in many common maps in English.</p><br>
<p>A notable archeological find from the peninsula is a mammoth skeleton, now housed in a zoological museum in Saint Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>Eran  is an ancient Indian historical city in Sagar district in Madhya Pradesh state. It has been called to be the oldest historical town of Sagar district in Madhya Pradesh. In earlier coins and inscriptions its name appears as Airikiṇa . From an early inscription at Sanchi we know that the residents of Eran had made some gifts to the famous Stupa situated at Sanchi. This city was the capital of Airikina Pradesha or Airkina Vishaya, an administrative division of the Gupta empire.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The ancient name of Eran, Erakina (as mentioned in the Sanchi inscriptions), Airikina (as mentioned in the inscription of Samudragupta) or Erikina (as mentioned in the inscription of Toramana) is derived from Eraka. The word erakā probably refers to a tall grass commonly called the Elephant cattail, botanical name Typha elephantina, which grows at Eran in abundance.</p><br>
<p>Eraka is also the name of a Nagavanshi King descended from Kauravya mentioned in Mahabharata Adi Parva. "Eraka" is derived from arka copper (Sanskrit)</p><br>
<h2>Ancient Eran</h2><br>
<p>Eran is the site of first reported monument of Sati dated 510 AD in India. The archaeological site nearby Eran has revealed several Gupta inscriptions. The village of Eran has a most interesting collection of archaeological relics. There is a fort in ruins attributed to the Dangis, who formerly dominated over this region. The site had a number of Vishnu shrines but nothing now remains except some of the lower courses of masonry, four standing columns with their architrave and some beams and part of door ways. The Principal statue is a colossal Varaha about 11 feet 5" high. The excavation conducted by the Department of Archeology of the University of Sagar have yielded relics similar to those found at Maheshwar and Tripura showing that Eran formed the northernmost limit of the Chalcolithic culture in Madhya Pradesh.</p><br>
<p>Excavations were carried out at Eran in 1960-61 to 1964-65; and 1987-88. Excavations at Eran have revealed about the earliest fort built by mud ramparts.</p><br>
<p>Prof. K.D. Bajpai has studied coins from Eran excavations and has done a chronological analysis. He has given a note on ‘Svabhoganagara’ in the Eran inscription of Samudragupta.</p><br>
<p>Eran is situated (Latitude 24°.5 North and longitude 78°.10 East) 75 km north-west of Sagar town in Madhya Pradesh. Eran comes under Tehsil Bina of District Sagar. T.S. Bart was the first to discover there a number of antiquities, some being of great historical significance 1838 AD Eran is situated on the bank of river Bina (Ancient Venva), a tributary of river Betwa (Ancient Vetravati). By encircling from their sides it, provides natural protection to Eran. In the fourth unprotected direction, there is a fortified wall and a ditch of Chalcolithic Period3. Eran is approachable by the road from Mandibamora, which passes through Gohar and Dhansara villages. Mandibamora is about 12 km. far from Bina -Bhopal railway (central railway) track. The archaeological excavation was Conducted at Eran during 1960-65 and subsequently during 1987-88 &1998 AD by Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture & archaeology. Sagar University, Sagar (M.P.). The antiquities of Neolithic and Chalcolithic culture has been found from Eran. The Mauryas, the Shungas, the Satvahanas, the Shakas, the Nagas, the Guptas, the Hunas, the Kalachuris, the Chandellas and the Parmaras had their hold over Eran region respectively.</p><br>
<p>The Gupta monarch Samudra Gupta visited Eran which was his Swabhog Nagar. A group of Temples is situated on the south bank of Bina river, just half a km to the west of the Village. In this group Vishnu Temple, Varaha Temple, Eran was located on an ancient route connecting Pataliputra with Mathura passing through Vidisha. The earliest main route joined Kausambi (Allahabad district) to the south-eastern sea coast via Bharhut, Amarkantak, Sarabhapur (Malhar) and the Dandaka forest.</p><br>
<p>The other main route from Kausambi went in south-western direction passing through Bharhut, Airikina (Eran), Vidisha, Ujjain, Mahishmati (Maheswar) to Bhrigukachchha (Broach) on Arabian Sea coast. This prime location helped the town to acquire a commendable position in those times.Eran was annexed into Gupta empire by Samudra Gupta when he annexed many kingdoms of Aryavarta into Gupta dominion. Before this annexation Airikina was the capital of eastern Malwa for a long time. Tumain inscription mentions Ghatotkacha Gupta as a governor of Airikina appointed by Kumar Gupta I. It would have acted as a buffer state between the Huns and the Guptas when Huns started extending their kingdom towards east hence marking it as the easternmost boundary for the Huns.</p><br>
<h2>Sati Inscriptions</h2><br>
<p>One of the earliest Sati Pillars of India was found in Eran. This was discovered by General Alexander Cunningham in 1874- 1875 A.D. This inscriptions shows that it was in the Gupta era 191. In addition to this various Sati Pillars ranging from Early Medieval Period to the Modern Period have been noticed in Eran. The imprints taken of these 10 Sati Pillars, which through the new light about Eran and also on the position of women. The Saka Samvat is used in all Sati Pillars. The prayer to God occurs in the beginning of almost all the inscriptions. After mentioning the Samvat and date, the epigraph gives the name of a dead person and his wife who became Sati along with him.</p><br>
<h3>Ist Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>This Pillar inscription is badly affected and contains probably the date Samvat 788 (866 AD) which is probably Sak Samvat. In this inscription Erani is inscribed instead of Eran. It proves the Erakanya of the Pre-Gupta Period Erakaina of the Gupta Period was known as Erani in Early Medieval Period. From Erani the village derived its modern name Eran. The length, width, and thickness of this Pillar are respectively 1.67 m, 40 cm and 10 cm. The inscription is of 4 lines. The Horse and a human couple is engraved in standing position. On the top of the Pillar, the hand is engraved in blessing pose. The Sun, The Moon, Five Stars and Holy Furnace are also engraved. The stone is of hard red color.</p><br>
<h3>IInd Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>The term Ram- Ram has been found inscribed for the first time on this Pillar. Pillar inscription is Samvat 1155 (1233 AD). Maharajadhiraj Sujitanmah is inscribed in this Pillar. The Pillar proves that Sujitanmah was the native ruler of Eran in 1233 AD. This Pillar is made up of brown sandstone. The respective length, width and thickness of this Pillar are 1.73 m, 36 cm and 15 cm. A couple is shown holding some pots. On the top of the Pillar blessing hand is shown. The inscription is of about 11 lines. Near this Sati Pillar other Sati Pillars are lying their inscriptions are mutilated.</p><br>
<h3>IIIrd Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>This Pillar is dated in Saka Samvat 1314 (1392 AD). Two women worshiping Shivalinga are carved. Both women have bun-shaped hairdos. The Shivalinga is on a platform. Two women are shown involved in combat; one is on an elephant and another is on a horse. Both are shown holding a sword and a javelin. A woman is shown between them. The elephant and horse are adorned by cloths. It seems that after the death of the husband his wife led the army and, after getting victory, she went Sati. The length, width and thickness of the Pillar are 2.28 m, 46 cm and 15 cm respectively.</p><br>
<h3>IVth Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>Jai Sri Ram is mentioned at the beginning on Pillar. This Sati Pillar is situated on the Northern bank of Bina River. It belongs to Sak Samvat 1335 (1413 AD). A Horse is inscribed on this Pillar. A couple has been shown in standing position holding their hands. Hands are depicted in blessing posture. The Sun, The Moon, Five Stars, Holy Furnace are shown. On the top of this Pillar there is Mangalghat the length, width and thickness of this are 1.68 m, 46 cm, 9 cm. respectively. This inscription is of 10 lines. The term Eran is inscribed. Another Sati Pillar is close by this Sati Pillar, which was unearthed by the villagers besides illegible inscription two women figures are shown on it worshiping Sivalinga. The husband is shown lying on a Pyre, his wife is shown, shampooing his feet. The length, width and thickness of the Pillar are 91 cm, 46 cm, 7 cm respectively.</p><br>
<h3>Vth Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>At beginning the term Jai Sri Ram is mentioned on this Pillar. It is dated in Sak Samvat 1400 (1478 AD). The length, width, and thickness of this Pillar are 2.16 m, 74 cm and 18 cm respectively. There are 10 lines in this inscription. Two women are shown worshiping Sivalinga. The husband is lying on Pyre wife is shown shampooing his feet. The Horse is also inscribed. On both the sides of the hands The Sun, The Moon, Five Stars and Holy Furnace are inscribed. Near the Holy Furnace, an ox is depicted.</p><br>
<h3>VIth Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>This Sati Pillar is dated in Sak Samvat 1402 (1480 AD). On this Pillar, the husband is lying on the Pyre his wife has been shown holding his feet. Two women are shown, worshiping Shivalinga. On the top of the Pillar there are two blessing hands. The Sun, The Moon, Five Stars are shown on both sides of the hands. The length, width, thickness of the Pillar are 1.37 m, 63 cm and 7 cm respectively. There are 4 lines in this inscription which is an illegible.</p><br>
<h3>VIIth Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>This Pillar is dated Sak Samvat 1628 (1706 AD). The length, width and thickness of this Pillars are 1.8 m, 48 cm, and 10 cm respectively. On the top of the Pillar two blessing hands are shown The Sun, The Moon, five stars and holy furnace are inscribed. A couple has been shown in standing position holding the hands of each other.</p><br>
<h3>VIIIth Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>In the beginning of the inscription term Sri Ganesh Shaya Nama is mentioned. It is dated in Sak Samvat 1802 (1880 AD). This Sati Pillar belongs to Chaudhary Majoop Singh. Khichi is inscribed as Gotra. The descendents of Chaudhary Majoop Singh&#39; narrate that died in the Battle, his wife went Sati with pillow. They are still living at Eran. The length, width and thickness of the Pillar are 1.73 m, 53 cm, 10 cm respectively. The inscription is of 10 lines. The horse is inscribed on the Pillar. A couple has been shown in standing position, holding hands. The riding persons having sword in his waist. On the both sides of the blessing hand The Sun, The Moon, Five Stars and Pillow are inscribed.</p><br>
<h3>IXth Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>The term Sri Ram and Sri Ganesh Shaya Nama are inscribed on this Pillar. The Pillar is dated in Sak Samvat 1831 (1909 AD). Term Sri Dubey Srvani Das is inscribed on this Pillar. This Sati Pillar belongs to Brahamna society. The length, width and thickness of the Pillar are 1.90 m, 41 cm, 10 cm respectively. A couple has been shown in standing position, holding hands. On the top of the Pillar there are blessing hands. The Sun, The Moon, Five Stars and Holy Furnace are inscribed term Eran Battisi is inscribed instead of village Eran. The inscription is of about 16 lines. The inscription is completely damaged.</p><br>
<h3>Xth Sati Pillar</h3><br>
<p>This Pillar is dated Sak Samvat 1832 (1910 AD). The Length, width and thickness of this Pillar are 1.32 m, 43 cm and 10 cm respectively. The inscription starts from the bottom of the Pillar and runs gradually upwards. The figure of the Horse is also depicted upside down. The blessing hand The Sun, The Moon, Five Stars, Holy Furnace are engraved. A couple has been shown in standing position, holding hands Eran Battisi is inscribed instead of Eran.</p><br>
<p>Besides the above Sati Pillars many Sati Pillars have been found in Eran. The Pillars have been fitted on the platforms and houses by the Natives of Eran. By these Sati Pillars much information is obtained about the conditions of women and Eran village during Medieval Period and Modern Period.</p><br>
<p>On the basis of the inscription and figures on the Pillar it can be inferred that during the Medieval Period and Modern Period the villagers of Eran were Followers of Ganpti Sampradaya, Vaisnava Sampradaya, and Shaiva Sammradaya. The inscription exhibits that an addition to the Kshatriyas the Brahamas also followed Sati system. Even after the death of King Maharajadhiraj Sujitanmah his chaste wife become Sati. It shows that the royal families also were involved in the Sati system. The depiction The Sun, The Moon, and Holy Furnace on the Sati Pillar indicates that the natives had the faith on natural powers. The blessing hands have been engraved or these Pillars for global welfare. The above-mentioned inscribed Pillars of Eran throw light on social and cultural life of Bundelkhand.</p><br>
<h3>New Discoveries</h3><br>
<p>In 2004 five small inscriptions were discovered and deciphered by Dr. Alok Shrotriya, Asstt.Professor, Deptt. of A.I.H. C. and Archaeology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar on the monolithic pillar of Budhgupta. These small inscriptions reveal the name of a Samant Jesh and Kulajgupta. It has also been known from these inscriptions that samant Jesh had written the account of a war. An inscribed clay sealing bearing the name of Mahadandanayak Vattagalli has been discovered by Dr. Mohan Lal chadhar from Eran and deciphered by Dr. Alok Shrotriya.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological Important Antiquity of Eran</h3><br>
<p>Excavated antiquity, Coins, Inscription, Temple, Sculpture etc.</p><br>
<h3>Coins of Eran</h3><br>
<p>1. Punch-marked coins</p><br>
<p>Discovered by Eran Excavation 1960-61.</p><br>
<p>2. Satavahana Coins</p><br>
<p>Discovered by Eran Excavations 1960-61, 1962–63,1987–88</p><br>
<p>3. Naga Coins</p><br>
<p>Discovered by Eran Excavation & Exploration</p><br>
<p>4. Saka-Kshatrap Coins</p><br>
<p>Discovered by Eran Excavation & Exploration</p><br>
<p>5. Gupta Coins</p><br>
<p>Discovered by Eran Excavation & Exploration</p><br>
<h3>Geography of Eran</h3><br>
<p>Eran is situated 75 km north-west of Sagar town in M.P. Eran comes under Tehsil Bina of District Sagar. Eran is situated on the bank of river Bina (ancient Venva), a tributary of river Betwa (ancient Vetravati). By encircling from their sides, it provides natural protection to Eran. In the fourth unprotected direction, there is a fortified wall and a ditch of Chalcolithic Period. Eran is approachable by the road from Mandibamora, which passes through Gohar and Dhansara villages. Mandibamora is about 12 km from Bina–Bhopal railway (central railway) track. Another fair-weather route runs from Khurai town to Eran via Nirtala, Silgaon, Lahatwas and Dhansara.</p><br>
<h3>History of Eran</h3><br>
<p>The antiquities of Neolithic and Chalcolithic culture has been found from Eran. The Mouryas, The Shungas, The Satvahanas, The Shakas, The Nagas, The Guptas, The Hunas, The Kalchuries, had their hold over Eran region respectively. The Gupta monarch Samudra Gupta visited Eran which was his Swabhog Nagar.</p><br>
<h3>Temple, Inscription</h3><br>
<p>A group of temples is situated on the south bank of Bina river, just half a km to the west of the village. In this group Vishnu Temple, Varaha Temple, Nrisingh Temple, Garuda Pillar and other ruined temples are of architectural importance. The various inscriptions have found from Eran, These are inscription of Budhagupta, inscription of Saka ruler Sridhar Verma, inscription of Huna ruler Tormanh5, inscription of Samudragupta and Gopraj Sati Pillar inscriptions. The several Sati Pillars have found from Eran. One of the Earliest Sati Pillars of India has been found from Eran. This was discovered by General Alexander Cunningham in 1874–1875 AD. In addition to this various Sati Pillars ranging from early medieval period to modern period have been noticed in Eran. Among these some pillars have been obliterated, while about ten pillars inscription are still in safe condition. The imprints are taken of these ten Sati pillars, which through the new light about Eran and also on the position women. The Saka Samvat is used in all Sati Pillars. The prayer to God occurs in the beginning of almost all the inscriptions. After mentioning the Samvat and Date. The epigraph gives the name of died Person and his wife who became Sati along with him. Usually all the inscribed Sati Pillars are having the name of village Eran and the name of woman who became Sati.</p><br>
<h3>Coins</h3><br>
<p>Among the inscribed coins the most remarkable one, according to Professor V.D. Jha, is that of a ruler named Dharmapala. The legend rano dhammapalasa (of king Dharmapala) is written one the coin reverse in large brahmi letter of the mouryan priod. This coin is presently displayed in British Museum, London. A number of important coins and inscribed Ceilings have been found at Eran. One copper coin bearing the name of king "Dharmapala" is counted among the earliest Inscribed coins in India. On the paleographic grounds this coin has been assigned to the late 3rd century BC. One circular lead piece bearing the name of another ruler "Indragupta", assignable to the same period has been discovered at Eran. Local uninscribed copper coins of a number of varieties have been discovered at Eran. Attest to the great Importance of this town as a political seat and also as a coin-minting center. Early punch-marked and tribal coins were obtained from period II in excavation at Eran. Several inscribed copper coins bearing the name Erakannya or Erakana in the Brahmi script have also been found at Eran. Cunningham proposed that the symbol of the river represent the river Bina on which the village stands. He also surmised that the semi-circle on the coins was representative of the old Eran town. Which was probably so shaped. The Brahmi script of these coins assigns them to second first century BC, according to Nagesh Dubey. The rest of the copper coins From Eran do not bear any inscription; some of the square copper coin from Eran represent the old karsapana&#39; and some typical symbols of Eran.</p><br>
<p>The number of punch-marked copper coins from Eran are pretty large. The excavation conducted at Eran by the university of sagar have yielded besides numerous other antiquities, a good number of coins. An interesting thin round gold piece (diam9, weight 20 grains). From the late chalcolithic level, assignable to about 1000 BC may be mentioned here. The piece, although well cut in a circular form, does not bear any symbol. It also does not indicate any clear signs to infer that it was used as an ornament. It appears that the piece was prepared just to serve as an object of money. The gold piece probably served as the medium of exchange for the chalcolithic people. The other finds of the period include silver and copper punch-marked coins. The excavation at Eran have yielded a hoard of 3,268 coins in which most of the coins are made by copper and some of theme were silver coated. These belong to the 2nd century BC.</p><br>
<p>It seems that there was a mint at Eran for a large-scale production of copper coin of particular types. Among the coins from Eran, Cunningham found a fairly good number of punch-marked, die-struck and cast coins. The number of copper punch-marked coins was found to be much larger than the silver punch-marked coins. Most remarkable among the die-struck coins were the square karsapanas of a standard weight of 144 grains and their several denominations. 24 coins of these occur on the tribal coins of weight of most of the coins varies from 17.45 grains to 24.43 grains. Punch-marked coins belong to about 300 BC, if not a little earlier. The latest phase of the copper punch-marked coins at Eran comes to a close by the end of the 3rd century AD, as revealed from the excavation. Coins of the Kshatrapas, satavahana and Nagas, Gupta king Ramagupta, Huna rular Tormana and of the Indo-Sassanian rulershave been found. The Naga coins found at Eran, Vidhisha, pawaya (padmawati), and Mathura show various common features. The names of rulers occurring on these coins are to be carefully studied and compared in order to arrive at a correct attribution and chronology of the Nagas. The mints at Eran and vidisha produced a large number of copper coins. Copper was available in large quantities in the Balaghat area for the mints at Eran, vidisha attesting to the great importance of this town as a political seat and also as a mint-town.</p><br>
<p>It may be mentioned here that the economic condition of the Malwa and Bundelkhand areas must have been quit, sound during the period of Shunga-Satavahana supremacy. Gold coins were unknown in the area during this period and the silver currency in the form of punch-marked coin was also not much in use. After the Shunga-Satavahana period, there was a political change in the region Western Malwa occupied by the Saka-Kshatrapas and remained under their rule from the middle of the 2nd century AD till about the end and they introduced silver currency in Western Malwa.</p><br>
<p>They also minted coins in the mint at Eran which was occupied by them, although for a short time. Excavation & Exploration has been found hundred inscribed clay sealing (size 2.2 mm) on this sealing I read the following Barhmi inscription written in the well-known Kshatrapa style. Rajno varamitraputrasya rajno, simhasrisenasya (i.e. of King Simhasrisena, son of King Isvaramitra) All though the titles Kshatrapa or Mahakshatrapa are replaced here by the titles Rajno the style of the legend and the occurrence of the hill and river symbols, so common on the Kshatrapa currency, leave no doubt that these two were Kshatrapa chiefs. On the basis of palaeography the sealing can not be placed after 350 AD. The two rulers Isvaramitra and his son Simhasrisena seem to have ruled over the Eran region of eastern Malwa some time at the end of the 3rd or the beginning of the 4th century AD. Mention may be made of a very large number of copper coins of Ramagupta from Eran and Vidisha. The excavation conducted at Eran by the University of Sagar have brought to light four type of copper coins of Ramgupta. These types are: Lion, Garuda, Garudadhvaja and Border legend type. All the coins of Ramgupta are of copper, varying in weight from 20 to 30 grains. The coins are circular in shape and their fabric is very similar to that of Naga coins which have been discovered in large numbers at Eran, Vdisha region. The name of Ramgupta is clearly written on some of the coins found in excavations at Eran. The symbols – Lion Garuda and Garudadhvaja are also quite distinct. The Brahmi legend on the coins is in early Gupta character. Besides the coins of Ramagupta Eran has also yielded copper coin of chandragupta vikramadiya.34 These are of two types; Chakra and Purnaghata. The excavations at Vidisha have also brought to light copper coins of Ramgupta. In size and fabric they resemble the Eran coin of that ruler. Ramgupta can be called the originator of the copper currency in the imperial Gupta dynasty. His numerous copper coins with certain characteristic features of this dynasty should be taken into consideration in the study the coinage of the imperial guptas, The coins of Ramgupta were minted in eastern Malwa specially in the mints at Eran and Vdisha.</p><br>
<p>These copper coins of Ramgupta are like the Naga coins and the coins of some of the local rulers of the Pre-gupta period. The coins bearing the legend Ramgupta were not issued by a local officer of the imperial Guptas, nor of any feudal king of the same name. This king Ramgupta was the elder brother of Chandragupta II vikrmaadiya. Coins of Gwalior and Bhopal state have also been found in the excavations. Recently Dr. Mohan Lal Chadhar acquired 460 punch marked coins in a small earthen pot. These coins are made of silver, copper, tin and bronze alloy metal and are approximately 2300 years old (i.e. 3rd century BC). These coins contain elephant, Sun, Sadara Cakra, Taurine, Tortoise, point in circle, Tree on platform, swastika, ox, hill, fish, Twin snake, Vajra and Ujjain symbol. On these coins the obverse side mainly consists of five signs and the reverse side one or two signs. The most common symbol on reverse is Swastika. Sun, sadara cakra, Fish symbols are displayed on obverse side. Three of the coins having holes were probably used as necklace or ornaments. These symbols prove originality of the coins.</p><br>
<p>The coins were formed in rectangles and square shapes. A few of them were made by the punch marked method and few were made by stamping methods. The coins have been divided into four groups on the basis of weight: Coins of group one weighted 1.30 grams, of second group weighted 2.50 grams, of third group weighted 3.80 grams and of last group weighted 9.60 grams. These coins are displayed in museum of Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sager (M.P.). Vital information pertaining to ancient Indian society, culture, art, religion, economy, political affairs and other arrangements is derived from the study of these coins. During the period these ancient coins were produced, mints were established in important cities, which were situated on main trade routes. Eran was situated along the way between Bharruch (Bhragu Kachha), Ujjain to Kaushambi, Mathura, Taxishila trade route.</p><br>
<p>Bronze coin of Eran of the 3rd Century B.C was found at Sulur, in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu in one of the excavations.</p><br>
<h3>Important Inscriptions of Eran</h3><br>
<h4>Inscription of Samudragupta</h4><br>
<p>The Eran Inscription of Samudragupta is presently stored in Kolkata Indian Museum. The inscription, in red sandstone, was found not far to the west of the ruined temple of the boar. It reads:</p><br>
<h4>Inscription of Budhagupta (484-485 CE)</h4><br>
<h4>Inscription of Toramana</h4><br>
<p>Inscription on the neck of the boar – written in 8 lines in Sanskrit in Brahmi script – dated in the first reign of Alchon Huns ruler Toramana – The object of the inscription is to record the building of the temple in which the current Varaha image stands, by Dhanyavishnu, the younger brother of the deceased Maharaja Matrivishnu, same person who erected the above pillar. The first line of the inscription, made after 484/85 CE, reads:</p><br>
<h4>Inscription of Bhanugupta (GE 191),(510CE)</h4><br>
<p>Bhanugupta is an otherwise unknown ruler, possibly belonging to the Gupta dynasty. He is only known from this inscription dated to 510 CE. It has been suggested this inscription could be a reference to a battle with the Alchon Huns king Toramana.</p><br>
<p>Goparaja could be the grandson of king Sharabha, founder of the southern Sharabhapuriya dynasty. His wife accompanied him in death, in an early documented example of Sati.</p><br>
<h4>Inscription of Shridharvarman</h4><br>
<p>Saka Ruler Sridharavarmas Inscription found from Eran, this inscription inscribed on the Gopatraj (Bhanugupta Inscription) Pillar. In this Inscription of Sridharvarma is called a Mahakshatrapa, having achieved great farm through his valour. His father&#39;s name is given as Sakananda and that of his commander as Satyanaga, a resident of Maharastra. The term Maharastra here finds the epigraphic mention for the first time. The inscription is partly damaged. It dated in the 27th regnal year of Sridharvarma. The name of Eran in this inscription is given as Erikina. two stone inscriptions of a Saka ruler called Sridharavarma were discovered, one at Kanakhera near Sanchi and the other at Eran. From these inscriptions it is inferred that Sridharavarma was ruling over eastern Malwa. Apart from the two inscriptions of Sridharvarma, referred to above, we know nothing about him or his family. After the defeat of the western Kshatrapas at the hand of Chandragupta II we do not hear of any Saka ruler in central India.</p><br>
<h4>Inscription on a small boar statue</h4><br>
<p>The Descriptive List of Inscriptions in The Central Provinces and Berar – written in Sanskrit without a date, but dated to the 5th century CE on paleographic studies – mentions two names, Varahadatta and Maheshadatta, apparently two brothers who caused the small boar statue to be made.</p><br>
<h3>Important Temple of Eran</h3><br>
<p>1. Vishnu Temple</p><br>
<p>Early Gupta Era Style Temple, About 350 AD.</p><br>
<p>2. Varah Temple</p><br>
<p>Early Gupta Era Style Temple, About 480 AD.</p><br>
<p>3. Narsingh Temple</p><br>
<p>Early Gupta Era Style Temple, About 412 AD.</p><br>
<p>4. Old Temple of Lord Hanuman</p><br>
<p>Nagri Style Temple, About 750 AD.</p><br>
<p>5. Garuda Pillar about 48 fit</p><br>
<p>Early Gupta Era Style Pillar, About 465 AD.</p><br>
<h3>Important Sculpture of Eran</h3><br>
<p>1. Lord Vishnu</p><br>
<p>2. Lord Varah</p><br>
<p>3. Lord Narsingh</p><br>
